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SBCP Microbiology > GI Infections > Flashcards

GI Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is dysentery? (as a symptom)

A

Diarrhoea with blood, pus and mucous

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2
Q

What bacteria are associated with bacterial diarrhoea? (5)

A 
Camplyobacter
Salmonella
Shigella
E.coli - various types
Vibrio cholerae
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3
Q

Key toxins associated with GI infections? (toxin already formed in food) (4)

A

Clostirdium perfringens
Bacillus cereus
Staph aureus
Clostridium botulinum

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4
Q

Agent involved in antibiotic associated diarrhoea? (1)

A

Clostridium difficile

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5
Q

Viruses associated with GI infections? (2)

A

Norovirus

Rotavirus

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6
Q

Parasites associated with GI infections? (2)

A

Cryptosporidium

Giardia

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7
Q

What bacteria causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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8
Q

Which virus is the the winter vomiting disease?

A

Norovirus

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9
Q

What virus causes diarrhoea in children and kills people in the undeveloped world?

A

Rotavirus

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10
Q

Difference between intoxication and infection?

A

Intoxication is consuming premade toxins in food, infection is ingesting the bacteria themselves

Intoxication has shorter incubation 2-12 hrs

Infection has incubation of days

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11
Q

Are salmonella gram +ve or -ve? rods or cocci?

A

-ve rods, enterobacteriacae

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12
Q

Salmonella route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Symptoms: N and V, cramps, NON-BLOODY DIARRHOEA

Incubation: 6h-2d

Duration: a week

Transmitted to humans via contaminated food and person to person (and animals)

Both illeum and colon

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13
Q

How is salmonella diagnosed?

A

Culture or PCR

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14
Q

Tx for salmonella?

A

-ve rod

Ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime

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15
Q

Morphology of Shigella

A

Gram -ve rods enterobacteriacea

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16
Q

Shigella route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Strictly human only, spread by faecal oral route

Very infectios

Shigellosis symptoms: dysentry

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17
Q

Tx of Shigella diarrhoea?

A

ONLY for SEVERE diarrhoea

-ve rod

Ciprofloxin or azithromycin

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18
Q

Morphology of E coli

A

-ve rods- enterobacteriacae

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19
Q

E coli route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

6 types of e coli (this is enterohaemorrhagic e coli causing HUS)

Zoonotic spread from farm animals. Associated with eating undercooked mince, or raw milk

Causes BLOODY diarrhoea with abd. cramps but no fever

Outbreaks and sporadic cases

20
Q

Test for e coli O157:H7

A

Stool test for shiga toxins which are produced by the bacteria

21
Q

Complication of e coli O157:H7?

A

HUS

Haemolytic uraemia syndrome

Increased RBC breakdown leading to kidney failure and uraemia

22
Q

Tx for e coli O157:H&?

A

NONE, diarrhoea will get worse or HUS will develop

Give fluids

Other types of e coli may be given antibiotics eg trimethoprim, fluoroquinolone

23
Q

Morphology of Vibrio cholerae?

A

Gram -ve comma shaped bacteria

24
Q

Vibrio cholerae route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Only in humans, has caused epidemics and pandemics,

Acquired from infected water supplies

Short incubation

Toxin causes excess fluid loss and painless, profuse, watery diarrhoea

25
Q

Morphology of Campylobacter

A

Curved or S-shaped grame -ve rods

26
Q

Campylobacter jejuni route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Most common cause of food related illness in UK

Large animal reservoirs and spread in food chain

IP: 3-10 days

Causes FEVER, abd pain, BLOODY DIARRHOEA

Can cause Guillan Barre syndrome

27
Q

Tx of campylobacter enteritis

A

Frequently self limiting

-ve rod

Clarithromycin of ciprofloxacin

28
Q

Morphology of C difficile

A

Gram POSITIVE, sporing, anaerobic rod

29
Q

What toxins does C difficile produce?

A

Toxins A and B

30
Q

What is pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Most sever form of C difficile, where there is a pseudomembrane present on the colon surface, made of inflammatory cells, fibrin and necrotic gut cells

31
Q

Key diagnostic test for C difficile?

A

Stool sample for presence of toxin

however healthy individuals may carry the bacteria and be okay, so consider whole clinical picture

32
Q

Tx of C difficile?

A

Nursing with barrier precautions

Discontinue unnecessary abx

Oral vancomycin or oral metronidazole

33
Q

Morphology of cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Parasite

34
Q

Cryptosporidia route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Moderate to severe diarrhoea

Self limiting except in immunocompromised

Transmission via drinking water (even chlorinated) contiminated by oocysts from humans or animals

Only immunocompromised need treated

35
Q

Morphology of Giardia lamblia

A

Parasite

36
Q

Giardia route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Can cause chronic infection

NO BLOOD IN DIARRHOEA

Water/food/faecal oral

37
Q

What causes traveller’s diarrhoea?

A

E coli

38
Q

Bacillus cereus route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Toxin in food (esp. fried rice)

Vomiting 2-3 hours post ingestion (type 1)

Diarrhoea 10-12 hours after ingestion

39
Q

Staph aureus route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

Enterotoxin A in food contaminated by human carriers

Toxin acts on CNS to causes vomiting within 2-6 hours

Vomiting not a feature

Self limiting (24 hours)

40
Q

Clostridium perfringens route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

GI tract of animals and the environment as heat resistent spores.
Grow in food at room temp eg meat sauces and gravies

Watery diarrhoea

41
Q

Botulism route of transmission, incubation period, symptoms, epidemiology, site

A

No nausea or diarrhoea

Toxins in canned food

Causes flaccid paralysis to progressive muscle weakness to respiratory arrest

NEEDS ANTITOXIN

42
Q

In camplobacter gastroenteritis, blood in faeces is rare

A

False, occurs in 50%

43
Q

Importance of camplobacter gastroenteritis has only become well recognised in recent decades

A

True, began to be cultured in 1980s

44
Q

Reactive arthritis is a recognised complication of salmonella infection

A

True

45
Q

Most strains of E coli in the intestine have the potential to cause diarrhoea

A

False. Most do not (except enteropathic e coli, enterohaemorrhagice e coli etc)

SBCP Microbiology (9 decks)

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