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Theme 1 - 104 > GI Motility 4 > Flashcards

GI Motility 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 physiological processes is the GI system involved in?

A
  • Motility
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
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2
Q

Which nervous system controls the GI system?

A

Enteric nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 4 accessory glands to the GI system?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

What type of muscle makes up sphincters?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

What are the layers of the gut wall (lumen to abdominal cavity)?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucose
  • Muscular externa
  • Serosa
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6
Q

Which nerve plexus regulates gut motility?

A

Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach’s)

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7
Q

Which nerve plexus regulates blood flow and secretion?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner’s)

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8
Q

What does the myenteric nerve plexus innervate?

A

The longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers

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9
Q

What does the submucosal nerve plexus innervate?

A
  • Glandular epithelium
  • Intestinal endocrine cells
  • Submucosal blood vessels
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10
Q

Innervations of the Vagus nerve.

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
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11
Q

What is the caecum?

A

A pouch that lies in between the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (ascending colon).

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12
Q

What does sympathetic and parasympathetic activity do to gut motility and secretion?

A
  • Sympathetic activity inhibits gut motility and secretion.

- Parasympathetic activity stimulates gut motility and secretion.

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13
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located?

A

Between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers.

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14
Q

Where is the submucosal nerve plexus located?

A

Between the circular muscle and submucosal layer.

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15
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Congenital absence of the myenteric plexus, leading to a lack of peristalsis, spasms and constipation.

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of GI movement?

A
  • Segmentation
  • Peristalsis
  • Tonic contraction
17
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

Strong contractions that pass down down the distal stomach and small intestine every 90 minutes.

18
Q

What is paralytic ileus?

A

Cessation of gut motility that is mainly caused by abdominal surgery (can also be caused by infection, inflammation, electrolyte abnormalities and drug ingestion).

19
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

20
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

21
Q

What part of swallowing is under voluntary control?

A
  • The formation of a blue through mastication

- The propelling of the bolus to the oropharynx when the tongues moves up against the hard palate

22
Q

How is involuntary deglutition initiated?

A

1) Bolus stimulates mechanoreceptors in the pharynx

2) Glossopharyngeal afferent impulses are sent to the swallowing centre

23
Q

How does the body ensure that the bolus only travels down the oesophagus?

A
  • Soft palate elevates and blocks off the nasopharynx
  • Respiration is inhibited
  • Larynx rises so that the epiglottis covers the trachea.
24
Q

Which efferent nerve co-ordinates deglutition?

A

Vagus nerve which stimulates peristalsis to commence (starting from the pharynx).

25
Q

What is the first sphincter that a bolus passes through?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter (between pharynx and oesophagus)

26
Q

What muscle is the oesophagus composed of?

A
  • Upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle

- Lower 2/3 is smooth

27
Q

How does a bolus reach the LOS from the UOS?

A

Peristalsis in the oesophagus transports the bolus from the UOS to the LOS

28
Q

Which sphincter allows the the bolus to enter the proximal stomach from the oesophagus?

A

Lower Oesophageal Sphincter

29
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty in swallowing

30
Q

What is gastric oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and how is it caused?

A
  • When the LOS is unable to close properly, allowing the contents of the stomach to flow back into the oesophagus.
  • Because it is corrosive to the oesophageal mucosa, the distal oesophagus becomes inflamed and sometime ulcerated.
31
Q

What is receptive relaxation?

A

Mediated by the Vagus nerve and is when the stomach relaxes when food enters - allowing the pressure to remain constant.

32
Q

Why does stomach emptying need to be controlled?

A

Because the small intestine has a limited capacity.

33
Q

What is bacterial blind loop syndrome?

A

Impaired peristalsis in the small intestine, leading to high levels of bacteria - which can then cause diarrhoea.

34
Q

What are haustrations?

A

The pouches formed when segmentation occurs in the large intestine.

35
Q

What are the two sphincters involved in defecation?

A
  • Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)

- External anal sphincter (voluntary via skeletal muscle)

Theme 1 - 104 (9 decks)

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