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Module 16 > GI Nematodes of Small Animals > Flashcards

GI Nematodes of Small Animals Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

what are the Ascarids (3)

A
  1. Toxocara canus (dog and fox)
  2. toxocara cati (cat)
  3. toxascaris leonina (dog and cat)
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2
Q

what are the routes of infection of toxocara canis in the dog (3)

A
  1. oral (direct) - L3 in egg
  2. transplacental**
  3. transmammary
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3
Q

what is the most important route of infection of Toxocara canis

A

transplacental

100% of pups will be infected

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4
Q

what is the outcome of Toxocara canis in puppies <3 months old

A

adult worms develop in SI which results in adult worms producing eggs

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5
Q

what is the outcome of infection of Toxocara canis in dogs >3-6 months old

A

larvae tend to arrest in tissues

no adults, arrested larval development

ALD consequence of immune response in older animal

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6
Q

how long does transmammary transmission occur in Toxocara canis in the dog

A

~5 weeks

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7
Q

at what age is the highest level of infection of Toxocara canis in puppies

A

<6 months old

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8
Q

when are worms expelled in puppies in Toxocara canis

A

expelled by 6-8 months of age

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9
Q

when are Toxocara canis not susceptible to anthelmintics

A

arrested L3

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10
Q

what are the clinical signs of Toxocara canis infection in puppies

A

enteral phase:

  1. pot bellied pups
  2. failure to thrive (starved, stunted)
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11
Q

what is the main principle of Toxocara canis treatment

A

prevent environmental contamination with eggs

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12
Q

what is the PPP of Toxocara canis

A

min 16 days

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13
Q

when would you start treatment of Toxocara canis

A

start before parasite lays eggs and continue to remove milk acquired infection (5 weeks)

treat at around 2 week period before eggs are laid into environment

treat bitch at the same time

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14
Q

when and what would you treat a bitch with Toxocara canis

A

high dose fenbendazole

3 weeks pre partum and 2 days post partum

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15
Q

what is the PPP of toxocara cati

A

~8 weeks

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16
Q

what are the routes of infection of toxocara cati

A
  1. transmammary
  2. direct route – migration
  3. paratenic route (rodents ingested)
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17
Q

is there transplacental infection with toxocara cati

A

no

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18
Q

which is infective –> embryonated, unembryonated and larvated toxocara cati and canis eggs

A

embryonated and larvated egg is infective

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19
Q

how do toxocara cati and canis eggs persist in the environment

A

sticky and resistent

survive years in environment

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20
Q

are toxocara canis and cati eggs diagnostic

A

yes

sculptured egg shell

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21
Q

are toxocara cati and canis zoonotic

A

yes can infect humans

eggs hatch and migrating larvae cause ocular and visceral disease

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22
Q

how is toxascaris leonina transmitted

A

direct, egg containing L3

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23
Q

is there a migratory phase in toxascaris leionina

24
Q

how can toxascaris leonina be distinguished from T. canis

Study These Flashcards
A

toxascaris leonina is smooth shelled

25
what is the PPP of toxascaris leonina
~11 weeks
26
what are strongyloidea
hookworms
27
what are the hookworms (4)
1. ancylostoma caninum (dog) 2. a. braziliense (dog and cat) 3. a. tubaeforme (cat) 4. uncinaria stenocephala (dog, cat and fox in UK)
28
what are the physical features of hookworms
1-3cm, stout, hooked
29
where is the predilection site of hookworms
small intestine
30
what stage are hookworms infective
L3 taken up from environment (ingested or migrate into lower limbs)
31
what is the lifecycle of ancylostoma caninum
1. immature worms swallowed or immature worms penetrate skin, ALD immature worms can remain dormant in skeletal muscle 2. immature worms migrate to mammary glands and infect puppies through milk 3. adults present as male and females --\> produce eggs which are excreted into feces 4. eggs in feces from 2-4 weeks after infection 5. immature worms developing in eggs 6. development of egg through emergence of infective larva takes about 1 week
32
what is the PPP of ancyclostoma caninum
14-21 days
33
how long does it take for ancylostoma caninum to develop from L1-L3 in the environment
5 days
34
how does arrested larval development ALD
larvae that migrate via the lungs can arrest as L3 in skeletal muscle can emerge from arrest after infection when immunocompromised or stressed
35
is the there transplacental infection of a. caninum
no transmammary is most important
36
what is the pathogenesis of A. caninum
simple hemorrhage immature and adult worms feed each female worm ~50-`00 ul blood per day worms change feeding sites up to 6 times per day
37
what are the clinical signs of A. caninum in young animals
severe acute hemorrhagic anemia (maybe bloody diarrhea)
38
what are the clinical signs of A. caninum in older animals
chronic hemorrhagic anemia respiratory signs due to larval damage
39
where do A. caninum develop
warmer climates (larval development requirement)
40
what are the two sources of A. caninum
1. transmammary 2. percutaneous/oral from environemt
41
how are A. caninum diagnosed (3)
1. clinical signs 2. history 3. fecal egg count (pathogenic in prepatent phase) fecund (typical strongyle egg)
42
is this egg diagnostically significant
no its not a. caninum can't tell what species
43
how is A. caninum controlled (2)
1. chemotherapy (3 monthly) - benzimidazoles - ivermectin/moxidectin - fenbendazole in pregnant bitch 2. clean dry bedding, earth or grass runs support survival of L3
44
how does the vaccine against hookworms work
stimulate an antibodh response to nematodes digestive enzymes Ab bind to microvillar surface of worm gut inhibits digestion of blood worms starve -- less fecund, shorter, reduce anemia in host
45
how is uncinaria stenocephala transmitted
oral infection (sheated L3) no percutaneous or transmammary infection
46
what is the pathology of uncinaria stenocephala (3)
1. not a voracious blood sucker: protein losing enteropathy 2. skin infection not effective: L3 penetrate skin but die 3. hypersensitivity responseL pedal dermatitis
47
how is uncinaria stenocephala diagnosed
eggs in feces similar to Ancylostoma but slightly larger differential diagnosis requires larval culture
48
how can Ancylostoma and Uncinaria adults be distinguished
Ancylostoma has teeth uncinaria has cutting plates
49
where is uncinaria stenocephala most prevelant
in working dogs (farm dogs)
50
what are whipworms
trichuroidea trichuris
51
what is the life cycle of trichuris (10)
1. eggs consumed 2. adults embedded into wall of dog's cecum and colon 3. adult release eggs 4. egg in feces 74-90 days after infection 5. L1 developing in egg -- resistant 6. ingested 7. plugs digested L1 released 8. penetrates mucosal glands 9. larvae develops inside egg in topsoil (taking 9-26 days to become infective) --\> L2 --\> L3 --\> L4 10. adult worms in intestine
52
what is the pathology of trichuris vulpis (3)
1. usually asymptomatic 2. occasionally diptheritic enteritis and hemorrhagic colitis 3. watery diarrhea +/- blood
53
how is trichuris vulpis diagnosed
eggs in feces diagnostically significant lemon shaped eggs with polar plugs at ends
54
what is the PPP of trichuris
6-12 weeks
55
how is trichuris treated
benzimidazoles probenzimidazoles
56
how is trichuris controlled
clean, dry, bedding, earth or grass runs --\> disinfect, heat or steam clean areas to remove long-lived eggs

Module 16 (26 decks)

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