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Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 2 > GI secretions and non-fermentative digestion > Flashcards

GI secretions and non-fermentative digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 major salivary glands

A
  • parotid salivary gland
  • mandibular salivary gland
  • sublingual salivary gland
  • zygomatic salivary gland
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2
Q

what is mumps

A
  • highly contagious viral infection
  • fever, swelling, swelling of salivary gland
  • not life threatening
  • zoonotic
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3
Q

salivary mucocele

A
  • collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland or salivary duct and accumulated in the tissues
  • common in dogs
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4
Q

what are the types of saliva

A
  • serous (parotid)
  • mucus (buccal)
  • both (mandibular and sublingual)
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5
Q

what is the composition of saliva

A

mucins, water, electrolytes

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6
Q

what is unique about ruminant saliva

A

high amounts of HCO3 (bicarbonate)

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7
Q

hypotonic saliva

A
  • non-ruminants
  • less electrolyte compared to blood
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8
Q

isotonic saliva

A
  • ruminants
  • osomotic pressure/electrolytes is similar to blood/plasma
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9
Q

what enzyme digests starch

A

alpha-amylase

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10
Q

what enzyme digests fat

A

lingual lipase and present in all species

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11
Q

what enzyme is associated with lysozymes

A

antimicrobial enzymes

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11
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A
  • moisten and lubricate food
  • antimicrobial activity (oral hygiene)
  • evaporative cooling - cat and dog
  • buffering forestomach digestion in ruminants
  • partial digestion of starch/fat
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12
Q

what is important about salivary ducts

A
  • anatomy same to glomerulus and collecting ducts in kidney
  • ion transporters
  • respond to aldosterone (Na conc.)
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13
Q

what does electrolytes in saliva depend on

A

flow rate

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14
Q

what is the parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • primary mode
  • pavlov’s dog - conditioned reflex
  • cholinergic receptors
  • atropine suppresses salivary secretion
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15
Q

what is sympathetic regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • B-adrenergic receptors
  • salivation and drooling in carnivores preparing to attack
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16
Q

what are the two functionally separate secretions of the pancreas

A
  • exocrine - digestion
  • endocrine - insulin
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17
Q

what does the acinar secrete

A
  • lipase (active)
  • amylase (active)
  • zymogens (inactive)
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18
Q

what does the duct cells secrete

A

HCO3

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19
Q

what does enterokinase do to trypsinogen

A

cleave it into trypsin

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20
Q

what does trypsin activate

A

trypsinogen

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21
Q

where are the inactive enzymes

A

pancreas

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22
Q

where are the active enzymes and what are they and what did they get activates by

A
  • SI (duodenum)
  • chymotryspin
  • elastase
  • carboxypeptidase A
  • carboxypeptidase B
  • trypsin
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23
Q

where is enterokinase located and released

A
  • located on brush border of duodenal enterocytes
  • released from brush border by bile salts
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24
what is enterokinase stimulated by
trypsinogen
25
what is enterokinase
* 41% carb * protease
26
what does premature activation of the pancreatic enzymes in the pancrease cause
acute pancreatitis
27
what is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis
big fat meals
28
what are the three phases of pancreatic secretion
* cephalic * gastric * intestinal
29
what is the cephalic phase
vagal stimulation (sight and smell of food)
30
what is the gastric phase
vagovagal reflex (stomach distention)
31
what is the intestinal phase
* intestinal distension (Ach) * chemical stimulation (CCK, secretin)
32
what stimulates CCK secretion
fat and protein
33
what stimulates secretin secretion
H+
34
what do acinar, centroacinar and duct cells have receptors for
CCK, Secretin, and Ach
35
what is the function of secretin
increases production of HCO3
36
what do sinusoids contain
blood cells
37
what is in bile
* bile salts * phospholipids and chlosterol * electrolytes (HCO3-)
38
what is the pharmacologic importance of bile
* bile pigments (bilirubin) - jaundice * metabolites of drugs and toxins
39
what does jaundice indicate
liver diseases
40
cholesterol is a ____ molecule
hydrophobic
41
cholic acid is a ____ molecule
amphiphilic
42
bile is stored and concentrated in ____
gallbladder
43
what are the two functions of CCK | gallbladder
* contracts the gallbladder * CCK relaxes sphincter of Oddi
44
CCK from duodenum to blood stream in response to ____ and ____
fat; protein
45
what is the function of the gallbladder in dogs and cats
* bile is stored in gallbladder and modified * CCK contracts gallbladder and relaxes the sphincter of Oddi
46
what is the function of the gallbladder in ruminants and pigs
* sphincter of Oddi poorly defined * continuous secretion of bile
47
what is the function of the gallbladder in horses and rats
* no gallbladder * continuous secretion
48
how is bile released
* initiated by the presence of food in the duodenum * CCK
49
how is bile synthesized
* recirculation of bile from intestine * de novo synthesis of bile salts from cholesterol
50
how is bile modified
* effects of secretin on HCO3- * water
51
what are the functions of biliary secretion
* provides a source of bile acids for fat digestion and absorption and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins * provides an excretory route for metabolites and drugs * provides additional buffer (HCO3-) to neutralize H+ in the duodenum
52
enterohepatic circulation of bile salts
* re-absorption of ~94% of bile salts * absorption occurs in distal ileum * re-absorption from hepatic portal blood * re-secretion into bile by hepatocytes
53
secretion of bile salts by hepatocytes is proportional to what
hepatic portal vein concentration of bile salts
54
what are the physical actions of digestion
* mastication * grinding in the distal stomach
55
what are the purposes of physical actions of digestion
* physical reduction of food particle size * increased surface area of food particles
56
what is chemical digestion
* hydrolysis * splitting chemical bonds
57
what are the three chemical bonds that are broken | chemical digestion
* glycosidic linkages * peptide bonds * ester bonds
58
what are the two phases of chemical digestion
luminal and membranous
59
what is the luminal phase of chemical digestion
* enzymes active in lumen of gut * large polymers (starch and protein)
60
what happens in the membranous phase of chemical digestion
* enzymes active at surface of gut * small polymers digested to monomeric molecules suitable for absorption
61
where are the digestive enzymes from in the luminal phase
salivary, gastric, and pancreatic glands
62
where are the digestive enzymes from in the membranous phase
enterocytes (SI)
63
what occurs during carb digestion
* luminal digestion (starch) * brush border oligosaccharidases * only monomers are absorbed
64
what kind of bonds do amylase break
1-4 glycosidic
65
what happens in protein digestion
* luminal digestion * brush border peptidases * intracellular peptidases * absorbed as small peptides and amino acids
66
what are the two groups of enzymes of protein digestion
endpeptidases and exopeptidases
67
how is the zymogen - chymotrypsiogen turned into chymotrupsin (active)
by trypsin
68
process of lipid assimilation
* emulsification * luminal lipolysis * micelle formation * absorption of fatty acids * formation of chylomicrons * chylomicrons enter lymphatics * lipid-soluble vitamins
69
what are dietary lipids
* triglyceride * cholesterol ester * phospholipids
70
lipase
* secreted in active form * inhibited by bile acids
71
co-lipase
* secreted as pro-colipase * activated by bile acids * binds to lipase and bile acids
72
lipase/co-lipase are in a what ratio
1:1
73
how are absorbed lipids packaged
into chylomicrons
74
what is a micelle
bile-coated, emulsified fat droplet
75
where do chylomicrons enter
extracellular space and then into the lymphatics
76
what does a fatty meal occur in | chylomicrons
lipemia (chylomicronemia) - lymphatics turn milky white
77
describe lipid absorption
* absorbed through the apical membrane by carrier proteins and simple diffusion in the jejunum * absorbed lipids are re-esterified and re-packaged into chylomicrons in the enterocyte * chylomicrons enter lymphatics * bile acids are re-absorbed in the ileum by a sodium co-transport system
78
what are the 3 benefits of digestion
* nutritional * toxicologic - breakdown of toxic proteins * allergic - breakdown of allergenic proteins
79
how are proteins absorbed in the neonate
* proteins are not digested but absorbed intact * in most livestock, no antibodies are passed from dam to fetus * antibodies are acquired through colostum
80
what are there delays in, in protein absorption in the neonate
* delay in acid secretion from stomach * delay in pancreatic function
81
what is present at birth | protein absorption
specialized intestinal epithelium * special enterocytes engulf soluble proteins * lost after 24 hrs
82
what receptor is on the enterocyte in neonates to take in Ig
Fc receptor and Ig is absorbed by pinocytosis
83
what is the major dietary carb for neonate
lactose from milk
84
what does lactase switch to with maturity
maltase
85
what is malassimilation and what is it caused by
* weight loss and diarrhea * maldigestion and malabsorption

Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 2 (5 decks)

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