GI Syst/ Abdomen :)

Question 1

9 anatomic regions of the abdominal/pelvic cavities

Answer 1

Right hypochondriac epigastric Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar umbilical Left lumbar
Right iliac hypogastric Left iliac

Question 2

What lines the abdominal cavity, what is it?

Answer 2

peritoneum , ser-ous membrane,

Question 3

visceral peritoneum

Answer 3

serous membrane attached to organs

Question 4

parietal peritoneum

Answer 4

(pari-e-tal ) attached to abdominal wall

Question 5

mesentary

Answer 5

double fold sm bowel

extends from posterior abdom. wall - lumbar region

Question 6

greater omentum

Answer 6

double fold duodenum-stomach-transverse colon

Question 7

lesser omentum

Answer 7

single fold attaches liver to lesser curvature of stomach to the duodenum

Question 8

Atresia

Answer 8

congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ

Question 9

esophageal atresia

Answer 9

anomaly - esophagus does not fully develop-

results in discontinuance of esophageal structure

Question 10

ileal atresia

Answer 10

discontinuance of the ileum – most frequent type of bowel atresia

Question 11

imperforate anus/ anus agenesis

Answer 11

anal opening to exterior is not present

may have fistula present between colon and other body structures

Question 12

HPS hypertophic pyloric stenosis

when can the Dx be made clinically

Answer 12

congenital condition- pyloric region of the stomach is narrowed due to hypertrophy or hyperplasia of pyloric sphincter
“olive” sign of hypertrophies pyloric m. is palpated

Question 13

What is the gold standard for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Answer 13

US - measures m. thickness of pyloric sphincter and allows for prolonged observations

Question 14

Malrotation

Answer 14

anomaly, intestines not in normal position

predisposing pt to internal herniation or volvulus

Question 15

volvulus

Answer 15

malrotation subtype– twisting of bowel about the mesentary ——————-possibly causing obstruction

Question 16

incarceration hernia

Answer 16

omentum or loop of intestine becomes trapped in abdominal wall

Question 17

Hirschsprung disease

Answer 17

absence of neurons in the bowel wall – preventing relaxation and subsequent peristalsis
(sigmoid colon)
infant will pass little to no meconium
without intervention this disease may cause toxic megacolon

Question 18

toxic megacolon

Answer 18

overgrowth of bacterium leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and possibly death

Question 19

Meckel diverticulum

Answer 19

remnant of yolk sack on sm bowel where formally connected to umbilical cord

Question 20

celiac disease

Answer 20

autoimmune, sensitivity to glutin , gliadin acts as antigen, slows paristalsis
Dx biopsy of sm bowel

Question 21

carbohydrate intolrance

Answer 21

lace of lactase in small bowel prevents the breakdown of lactose which acts as osmotic agent in intestine pulling fluids causing cramping and diarrhea

Question 22

Esophageal stricture

Answer 22

inflammatory disease
narrowing of esophagus may be secondary to irritant
Dx with endoscopy and treated with corticosteroids

Question 23

GERD

Answer 23

inflammitory diseases
gastroesophageal reflux disease
results from incompetent cardiac sphincter
back flow of gastric acid and contents into esophagus
pH probe is considered testing method of choice
although US color doppler is less invasive

Question 24

Peptic Ulcer

Answer 24

erosion of the mucus membrane of the lower end of esophagus, stomach, or duodenum (most likely site)

H pylori and NSAID make mucosa more susceptible
Dx via endoscopy
gastric ulcers display radiating spikelike wheels of mucosal folds that run to the edge of the crater
Tx with antibiotics and proton pump

Question 25

Gastroenteritis

Answer 25

inflammatory general grouping of inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and sm bowel effects the epithelial layer erosive gastritis causes: asprin NSAIDs alchol steroids physical stress and trauma viral or fungal infections H pylori and salmonella infection

Question 26

Regional enteritis (Crohn disease)

Answer 26

inflammatory unregulated intestinal immune response to various agents results in crypt cell inflammation & abscesses effects all layers of the bowel wall presents as bowel obstruction or appendicitis, cobblestone appearance on radiograph transabdominal US can demonstrait CD via measurements of bowel wall thickening

Question 27

Appendicitis

Answer 27

inflammation of the vermiform appendix caused by obstruction of fecalith obstructs blood flow to tissue -- more susceptiable to esscherichia coli (present in GI tract) and gangrene perforation and possible rupture first presents as pain in the RLQ persistent nausea and vomiting because of vegus nerve supplies also the stomach *elevation of WBC

Question 28

ulcerative colitis

Answer 28

inflammatory leasion of the colonic mucosa starts in rectum and moves its way up complications -- mucosa is replaced by fibrous tissue toxic megacolon and temp arrest of intestinal peristalsis disease of only the mucosa of the intestine

Question 29

Esophageal Varices

Answer 29

inflammatory portal hypertension causes varicose veins of esophagus best visualized in a recumbant position thin ba mix allows visualation of worm like structures complication: rupture

Question 30

TIPSS

Answer 30

transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts used to redirect liver blood flow -- reducing hypertension US used to assess the direction of blood flow through a TIPSS

Question 31

Herniation

Answer 31

(rupture) degenerative disease protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening usually in the abdominal wall

Question 32

reducable hernia

Answer 32

if herniated bowel can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity

Question 33

incarcerated hernia

Answer 33

herniation cannot be reduced | my result in bowel obstruction

Question 34

strangulated hernia

Answer 34

construction is tight enough to cut off blood supply

Question 35

hiatal hernia

Answer 35

weakness of the esophageal hiatus that permits some portions of the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity

Question 36

an outpouching of the bowel wall caused by a weakness in m. layer is a

Answer 36

diverticulum

Question 37

radiographic string sign is associated with

Answer 37

regional enteritis

Question 38

celiac disease is a type of

Answer 38

malabsorption syndrome

Question 39

appearance of Schatzki ring is associated with a____ hernia

Answer 39

sliding

Question 40

the fewest GI tumors of both malagnant and benign occur in the

Answer 40

sm bowel

Question 41

which of the following are true of colon cancer 1. the majority of adenocarcinomas of the colon occur in the rectosigmoid area 2. the appearance of "apple coar" lesion is indicicative of colon cancer 3. adenomatous polyps may develop into adenocarcinoma of the colon

Answer 41

all are correct majority of adenocarcinomas of the colon occur in the rectosigmaoid area the apperance of "apple coar" lesion is sign of colon cancer adenomatous polyps may develop into adenocarcinoma of the colon

Question 42

twisting of the bowel about the mesenteric base refers to

Answer 42

volvulus

Question 43

the condition in which a gallstone erodes from the gallbladder and creates a fistula to the small bowel is

Answer 43

gallstone ileus

Question 44

two primary types of esophageal diverticula

Answer 44

pulsion | tractoin

Question 45

pulsion diverticulum

Answer 45

involves only mucosa results from motility disorder of the esophagus, allows for herniation occurs in the upper and lower

Question 46

pulsion diverticulum subtypes

Answer 46

zenker diverticulum- pharyngoesophageal junction at the upper end of the esophagus on the posterior aspect just abouve the cricopharyngeal m killian-jameson occurs in the lateral aspect of the esophagus epiphrenic diverticulum- distal esophagus just above the hemidiaghpram

Question 47

complications of esophageal diverticulum

Answer 47

obstruction of esophagus due to secretions or food stuck in diverticula