GI system

Question 1

Nutrients are absorbed where?

Answer 1

In the small intestine, there is about 230 feet of surface area for absorption to occur.

Question 2

Path of digestion

Answer 2

mouth- stomach- small intestine- large intestine- rectum- anus

Question 3

Sympathetic

Answer 3

Inhibitory effect: flight or fight.
Decreases mucosal secretion, motility, vasoconstricts

Question 4

Parasympathetic

Answer 4

Excitatory effect: rest and digest.
secretion, defecation, sphincter relaxation

Question 5

Mouth Enzymes

Answer 5

Saliva and Salivary amylase

Question 6

Gastric function enzymes

Answer 6

Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin, and Intrinsic factor

Question 7

Small intestine enzymes

Answer 7

Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, and Bile

Question 8

Normal functions of the digestive system

Answer 8

Intake, Digestion, Metabolism, and Elimination of Food and Fluid

Question 9

Dyspepsia

Answer 9

Indigestion- most common symptom of patients with GI dysfunction

Question 10

Intestinal Gas

Answer 10

Bloating, distention, feeling “full of gas”, excessive flatulence

Question 11

Nausea and Vomiting

Answer 11

a sensation of sickness or “queasiness” that may or may not be followed by vomiting

Question 12

GI diagnostics: Blood work

Answer 12

CBC, CMP (electrolytes), Coags (INR), Lipid panel, LFTs (liver function test), Oncology- CEA.

Question 13

CEA test

Answer 13

Helps measure and can tell you where cancer could be in the body. Looks at protein levels

Question 14

Stool analysis

Answer 14

C-diff, Leukocytes, FOBT- blood in the stool, mucus, parasites, and fat

Question 15

Breath Test

Answer 15

Detects bacterial overgrowth: H.Pylori which infects and can cause peptic ulcer disease. Ulcers in the stomach

Question 16

Feeding tubes/GI intubation placement

Answer 16

Inserted into mouth, nose, abdominal wall.

Question 17

Feeding tubes/GI intubation

Answer 17

used for s/p MVA, CVA (dysphagia), Mechanical ventilation, ALS, HEENT malignancy, Partial/ total gastrectomy, Aspiration risk

Question 18

Enteral Feeding

Answer 18

Feedings infused directly from a tube to the GI tract

Question 19

Osmolality

Answer 19

The ionic concentration of fluid. water moves rapidly into the intestines. leads to fullness, bloating, cramping, diaphoresis, and watery diarrhea.

Question 20

Dumping Syndrome Leads to

Answer 20

dehydration, hypotension, decreased urine output, and tachycardia

Question 21

Dumping Syndrome

Answer 21

The contents of the stomach dump very fast into the duodenum. Smaller meals are recommended to help with symptoms

Question 22

Bowel Elimination Abnormalities

Answer 22

Constipation, Malnutrition, C.Diff, zinc deficiency, Dumping syndrome

Question 23

C.Diff causes

Answer 23

overusing antibiotics leading to abnormal flora production. The spread of spores can also lead to infection.

Question 24

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Answer 24

Nutrition by IV, Complex mixture of lipids, carbs, fats, vitamins, and sterile water.

Question 25

Indications for PN

Answer 25

Intake is insufficient to maintain an anabolic state, the ability to ingest food orally or by tube is impaired, and the patient is unwilling/not interested in ingesting adequate nutrients.

Question 26

Oral Cancer Manifestations

Answer 26

Early stage: few to no symptoms, painless sore/mass that does not heal, indurated ulcer with raised edges, may bleed easily with a red or white patch Later manifestations: tenderness, difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking, coughing up blood-tinged sputum, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Question 27

Esophagus disorders

Answer 27

Achalasia (prevents food from moving through easily), Hiatal Hernias (, Diverticula, Perforation, Foreign bodies, GERD, Barrett esophagus

Question 28

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Answer 28

Backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus that causes troublesome symptoms and mucosal injury to the esophagus

Question 29

GERD management

Answer 29

Low-fat diet, avoid caffeine, tobacco, beer, milk, mint, and carbonated beverages. Avoid eating or drinking 2 hours before bedtime and elevate the head of the bed.

Question 30

Acute Gastritis

Answer 30

Rapid inflammation of the stomach caused by dietary indiscretion. - can be caused by medication, alcohol, bile reflux, and radiation therapy.

Question 31

Chronic Gastritis

Answer 31

Prolonged inflammation due to benign or malignant ulcers of the stomach or by helicobacter pylori.

Question 32

Peptic Ulcer

Answer 32

Erosion of a mucous membrane causes excavation in the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, and esophagus. Associated with infection of H.pylori

Question 33

Peptic Ulcer Manifestations

Answer 33

Dull gnawing pain, burning in the mid epigastrium, heartburn, and vomiting

Question 34

Gastric cancer Risk factors

Answer 34

diet, chronic inflammation of the stomach, H.pylori infection, pernicious anemia, smoking, achlorhydria, and gastric ulcers.

Question 35

Gastric cancer Manifestations

Answer 35

pain relieved by antacids, dyspepsia, early satiety, weight loss, abdominal pain, loss or decreased appetite, bloating after meals, nausea, and vomiting.

Question 36

Gastric cancer Patho

Answer 36

-90-95 % are adenocarcinomas -40% develop in the lower stomach, 40% in the middle, 15% in the upper, and 10% involve more than one area - Lesions start on the top layer of the stomach mucosa and stomach wall and then infiltrate into the stomach wall and nearby structures and organs near the stomach.

Question 37

Constipation

Answer 37

3 or fewer bowel movements per week that are hard, dry, small, and difficult to pass

Question 38

Constipation causes

Answer 38

medications, chronic laxative use, weakness, immobility/ lack of exercise, fatigue, inability to increase intraabdominal pressure, and diet

Question 39

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Answer 39

Chronic functional disorder with recurrent abdominal pain. Associated with disordered bowel movements Triggers: Chronic stress, sleep deprivation, surgery, infection, diverticulitis, and some foods

Question 40

Malabsorption

Answer 40

The inability of the digestive system to absorb one or more of the major vitamins, minerals, or nutrients

Question 41

Malabsorption Clinical Manifestations

Answer 41

diarrhea, loose bulky foul-smelling stools, high- fat content, and often grayish. Weight loss, vitamin and mineral deficiency

Question 42

Celiac disease

Answer 42

disorder of malabsorption caused by an autoimmune response to consumption of products that contain the protein gluten Women are affected twice as much as men.

Question 43

Celiac Clinical Manifestations

Answer 43

Diarrhea, Steatorrhea, Abdominal pain, Abdominal distention, Flatulence, Weight loss

Question 44

Appendicitis

Answer 44

appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a result of becoming kinked. increases intraluminal pressure, causing edema and obstruction of the orifice

Question 45

Diverticulum

Answer 45

Sac-like herniation of the lining of the bowel that extends through a defect on the muscle layer. Mostly in the sigmoid colon

Question 46

Diverticulosis

Answer 46

Multiple diverticula without inflammation

Question 47

Diverticulitis

Answer 47

infection and inflammation of diverticula

Question 48

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Answer 48

Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis

Question 49

Inflammatory Bowel Disease clinical manifestations

Answer 49

Diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal cramping and pain, blood in stool, reduced appetite, weight loss.