GI System - Lecture 2

Question 1

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

Answer 1

parotid, sublingual and submandibular

Question 2

where are the 3 salivary gland located in the mouth

Answer 2

side of face, in the jaw and under the tongue

Question 3

what are the components of saliva

Answer 3

water, mucins, alpha-amylase, electrolytes and lysozymes

Question 4

what NS controls the salivary glands

Answer 4

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 5

what nerves control the salivary gland in the parasympathetic NS

Answer 5

cranial nerves VII (facial) and IX (glossopharygneal)

Question 6

which nerve controls the GI tract in the parasympathetic NS

Answer 6

vagal nerve

Question 7

what type of nerve is the vagal nerve

Answer 7

cranial nerve

Question 8

the stimulation of the parasympathetic NS in the salivary gland causes what

Answer 8

profuse watery salivary secretion

Question 9

stimulation of the sympathetic NS in the salivary secretion causes what

Answer 9

small volume of viscous salivary secretion

Question 10

what two receptors are activated to control the activation of saliva in the SNS

Answer 10

alpha1 adrenoceptors (high mucus content) and beta2 adrenoceptors (high amylase content)

Question 11

what is the function of the soft palate in the mouth

Answer 11

controls for the connection between the nasal area and the oral area

Question 12

what is a bolus

Answer 12

ball of chewed food

Question 13

as the bolus approaches the oesophagus, what happens

Answer 13

upper oesophageal sphincter (valve) relaxes and epiglottis covers opening to the larynx

Question 14

what is peristalsis

Answer 14

sequence of contractions of pharyngeal muscles to push the bolus down the oesophagus

Question 15

what happens during receptive relaxation of the stomach

Answer 15

relaxation of thin, elastic smooth muscle of gastric fundus and body

Question 16

what happens when food is digested too quickly

Answer 16

it changes osmolarity (low to high)

Question 17

what is intrinsic factor

Answer 17

a substance secreted by the stomach which enables the body to absorb vitamin B12

Question 18

what is the upper stomach called (near the sphincter)

Answer 18

cardiac region

Question 19

what is the antrum

Answer 19

bottom of the stomach

Question 20

what is the pyloric region

Answer 20

the region that separates the stomach from the duodenum (small intestine)

Question 21

what is the extra muscle layer in the muscularis externa of the stomach

Answer 21

oblique muscle layer

Question 22

where is the mechanical digestion located at in the stomach

Answer 22

antrum

Question 23

what do gastric glands do

Answer 23

responsible for the control of gastric secretion

Question 24

what does the body of the stomach secrete

Answer 24

mucus, HCl, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

Question 25

what does the antrum secrete

Answer 25

gastrin

Question 26

what cells secrete gastrin (hormone) in the stomach

Answer 26

G2 cells

Question 27

what does the surface of the mucous cell secrete

Answer 27

mucine

Question 28

what does mucous neck cells secrete

Answer 28

mucus

Question 29

what do chief cells in the gastric gland secrete

Answer 29

pepsinogen

Question 30

what do parietal cells in the stomach secrete

Answer 30

intrinsic factor and HCl

Question 31

what is the function of HCl in the stomach

Answer 31

used for sterilization and digesting food

Question 32

what does CO2 react with in the stomach and what does it produce

Answer 32

it reacts with water and produces carbonic acid (H3CO3)

Question 33

when the carbonic acid dissociates, what are the products

Answer 33

H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Question 34

where does the H+ go after dissociating

Answer 34

to the lumen, in exchange for K

Question 35

what pump does the H+ go through

Answer 35

potassium proton ATPase pump

Question 36

where does the HCO3- go after dissociating

Answer 36

to the blood

Question 37

what pump does HCO3 go through to get to the blood

Answer 37

chloride bicarbonate exchanger

Question 38

where does chloride go as it enters the parietal cell

Answer 38

goes through another pump to get to the stomach lumen

Question 39

what is the pH inside the stomach lumen

Answer 39

<2

Question 40

what is it called when there is a temporary raise in pH of the blood

Answer 40

post brandium alkalinization

Question 41

what is the enzyme that can phosphorylate any protein

Answer 41

kinase