GI tract Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
When the abdominal region is divided into 9 what are the top 3 regions known as?
A
Right hypocondrium, epigastrium, left hypocondrium
2
Q
When the abdominal region is divided into 9, what are the middle 3 regions known as?
A
Right lumar, umbilical, left lumbar
3
Q
When the abdominal region is divided into 9 regions what are the lower 3 regions known as?
A
Right iliac, hypogastrium or suprapubic, left iliac
4
Q
What is the subcostal plane?
A
Inferior border of costal margin
5
Q
What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?
A
Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
6
Q
In which quadrant is the liver found?
A
Right upper quadrant
7
Q
In which quadrant is the gall bladder found?
A
RIght upper quadrant
8
Q
In which quadrant is the stomach found?
A
Predominantly left upper quadrant
9
Q
In which quadrant is the spleen found?
A
Left upper quadrant
10
Q
In which quadrant is the appendix found?
A
Right lower quadrant
11
Q
Name the layers of the abdominal wall
A
Skin
Campers fascia
Scarpas fascia
External oblique muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum
12
Q
What are the 3 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
A
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
13
Q
Where does rectus abdominis arise from?
A
public crest
14
Q
Where does rectus abdominis insert?
A
Pubic crest
15
Q
What is the function of rectus abdominis?
A
Flexion of the lumbar spine. also keeps the lumbar spine straight at times when the force of gravity extends it.
16
Q
Where does transversus abdominis originate?
A
Inner aspect of costal margin (6th-12th rib), edge of thoracolumbar fascia, below from inner aspect of iliac crest. Lowest fibres from iliopsoas fascia
17
Q
Where does transversus abdominis terminate?
A
Transversus aponeurosis. Inserts on linea alba, pubic symphysis and xiphoid process.
18
Q
where does internal oblique originate?
A
Inguinal ligament, iliac crest and lumbodorsal fascia.
19
Q
where does internal oblique insert?
A
Highest fibres insert on lowest 3 ribs. other fibres end on internal oblique aponeurosis. also joined by cut edge of external oblique
20
Q
where does external oblique originate?
A
Arises from 12th rib to 5th rib. Has posterior part that arises from 12th -10th rib. Anterior part that arises from 9th to 6th rib.
21
Q
where does the posterior part of external oblique insert?
A
Outer half of iliac crest
22
Q
Where does the anterior part of external oblique insert?
A
External oblique aponeurosis.
23
Q
What is the free lower border of external oblique aponeurosis between anterior and superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle known as?
A
Inguinal ligament
24
Q
what is the rectus sheath?
A
Fibrous compartment formed by the aponeuroses of anterolateral muscles.
25
What is the arcuate line?
The inferior border of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath
26
Above the arcuate line, what does the external oblique form?
Anterior layer of rectus sheath
27
Above the arcuate line, what does the internal oblique form?
The internal oblique splits into 2 layers: anterior and posterior lamina (aponeuroses). the anterior forms the anterior layer and the posterior lamina forms the posterior layer.
28
Above the arcuate line, what does the transversus abdominis form?
The posterior layer of the rectus sheath
29
below the arcuate line, what muscles form the anterior layer?
External oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
30
below the arcuate line, what muscle form the posterior layer?
Transversalis fascia
31
what are the contents of the rectus sheath?
rectus abdominis muscle, pyramidalis muscle, blood vessels, nerves
32
what blood vessels are found in the rectus sheath?
Superior and inferior epigastric vessels
33
what nerves are found in the rectus sheath?
Thoracoabdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves)
34
what does the superior epigastric artery arise from?
Arises from the internal thoracic artery
35
Where does the superior epigastric artery run?
Runs inferiorly in sheath behind the rectus abdominis
36
where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?
Arises from the external iliac artery
37
Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise?
Runs superiorly in sheath behind the rectus abdominis
38
what arteries supply the abdominal wall
superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery. Suplemented by: musculophrenic, posterior intercostals, deep circumflex iliac, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric
39
What is the innervation of the abdominal wall?
Lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1
40
What does the inguinal canal transmit in males?
Spermatic cord
41
what does the inguinal canal transmit in females?
Round ligament of the uterus
42
What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring, superficial inguinal ring
43
Where does the inguinal canal extend to and from?
Extends from deep inguinal ring to superficial inguinal ring. Formed as testis migrate from abdomen to scrotum during development.
44
What is the floor of the inguinal canal made of?
Inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, iliopubic tract
45
What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal made of?
Transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon
46
What is the roof of the inguinal canal made of?
Internal oblique and transversus abdominis
47
What is the anterior wall of inguinal canal made of?
External oblique aponeurosis
48
what does the parietal peritoneum form?
Forms the innermost layer of the abdominal wall
49
what is the peritoneum?
Double layered serous membrane
50
What is the parietal peritonteum?
Outer layer that lines abdominal cavity
51
What is the visceral peritoneum?
Inner layer that invests the viscera
52
What is an intraperitoneal organ?
an organ that is completely covered with visceral peritoneum
53
What is a retroperitoneal organ?
An organ that is external to (and only partially covered by) parietal peritoneum
54
what is the peritoneal cavity?
Potential space between visceral and parietal layers, contains peritoneal fluid
55
What is the mesentery?
A double layer of peritoneum that attaches an organ to the body wall
56
What is the omentum?
A double layer of peritoneum that attaches one organ to another
57
where does the lesser omentum go?
Extends between the liver and the stomach
58
Where does the greater omentum go?
Extends between stomach and transverse colon
59
where is the epiploic foramen?
Entry to the omental bursa
60
what is the mesentery of the small intestine?
attaches to the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
61
Where does the transverse mesocolon attach?
attaches the small transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
62
Where does the sigmoid mesocolon attach?
Attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall
63
Where does the mesoappendix attach?
Attaches the appendix to the caecum
64
what is the gastrointestinal tract?
Long tubular structure that extends from the mouth to the anus
65
what are the layers of the GI tract
Lumen
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventia
66
what is the mucosa made of?
Epithelium - productive, secretive and/or absorptive
Lamina propria - connective tissue containing vessels, glands and lymphoid tissue
Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle
67
What is the submucosa made of?
Dense irregular connective tissue
68
What is the function of the submucosa?
Supports the mucosa and provides vascular, lymphatic and nerve supplies
69
What does the submucosa contain?
Submucosal plexus
70
What is the muscularis externa / propria made of?
Smooth muscle cells - inner circular and outer longitudinal.
71
What is the muscularis externa / propria responsible for?
Gastrointestinal movements (peristalsis, segmentation)
72
what is the serosa or adventitia?
Serous membrane (visceral peritoneum) that covers those structures within the peritoneal cavity.
73
what is the pharynx?
FIbromuscular tube that leads to the oesophagus.
Lies posterior to the nose, mouth and larynx
74
what is the oesophagus?
muscular tube that extends from laryngopharynx to the stomach (level C6-T10)
75
What is the oesophagus lined with?
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
76
where is the stomach located?
Epigastrium and umbilical region but changes in size and therefore may extend to other regions
77
What are the functions and adaptations of the stomach?
Storage - rugae and pyloric sphincter
Mechanical digestion - extra layer of muscle
Chemical digestion - glands secrete pepsinogen, HCL, gastrin
Defence- HCL kills microbes
Secretes intrinsic factor
78
what does the pyloric sphincter do?
Will constrict to stop food leaving then it will let some food through again
79
what is the main function of small intestine?
Main site of digestion and absorption
80
Where does the small intestine extend?
Extends from the pylorus to the ileocaecal junction.
81
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
Duoneum, jejunum, ileum
82
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
Superior, descending, horizontal and ascending
83
what are the 3 modifications of the small intestine?
Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
84
what are plicae circulares?
Permanent circular folds in the mucosa and submucosa
85
What is villi?
Finger like projections of the lamina propria of the mucosa
86
What are microvilli?
Cytoplasmic extensions of the epithelial cells
87
What is the function of the large intestines?
Water and electrolyte absorbed from the intestinal contents. Stores undigested materials, synthesizes vitamin
88
What consists of the large intestine?
Caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal
89
What are the orientation of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
90
where is the hepatic flexure?
BEtween the ascending and transverse colon
91
Where is the splenic flexure?
Between the transverse and descending colon
92
what are the special features of the large intestine?
Haustra, teniae coli, epiploic appendages
93
where does the rectum lie?
In front of lower half of sacrum and coccyx
94
what 3 regions is the gut tube divided into?
Foregut, midgut and hindgut
95
where is the foregut?
Extends from the lower part of the oesphagus to the 2nd part of the duodenum
96
where is the midgut?
Extends from the 2nd part of duodenum to the distal third of the transverse colon
97
Where is the hindgut
Extends from distal third of transverse colon to the upper third of anal canal
98
What is the arterial supply of the foregut?
Coeliac trunk
99
What is the arterial supply of the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
100
What is the arterial supply of the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
101
What is the portal vein formed by the union of?
Splenic and superior mesenteric veins
102
What does the portal vein do?
Takes absorbed nutrients to the liver
103
What is the route for lymphatic drainage of the digestive system?
Digestive organs
Local lymph nodes
regional lymph nodes
intestinal trunk
Cysterna chyli
Thoracic duct
Left subclavian/ brachocephalic vein
104
Lymph nodes from the foregut organs go where?
Coeliac nodes
105
Lymph from the midgut organs goes where?
superior mesenteric nodes
106
Lymph from hindgut organs goes where?
Inferior mesenteric nodes
107
What is the innervation of the digestive system
Innervated by the autonomic nervous system
108
What does the parasympathetic division do to digestive function?
Increases digestive function
109
What does the sympathetic division do to digestive function?
Slows down digestive function
110
What are the foregut and midgut innervated by?
Vagus nerve
111
What is the hindgut innervated by?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
112
WHat is the SNS innervation of the digestive system?
Preganglionic fibres from splanchnic nerves, synapse in prevertebral ganglion, post ganglionic neurone goes to effector organ
113
Sympathetic innervation of foregut?
Arises from levels of T5-T9, greater splanchnic nerve to coeliac ganglion
114
Sympathetic innervation of midgut?
Arises from levels T10-T11, lesser splanchnic nerve to superior mesenteric ganglion
115
Sympathetic innervation of hindgut?
Arises from L1-L2, lumbar splanchnic nerve, synpases into inferior mesenteric ganglion
116
What are the 2 types of sensory information transmitted from the digestive system
Reflex afferents eg: Stretch
Pain afferents
117
How are reflex afferents transmitted
To CNS in parasympathetic pathways - vagus nerve
118
How are pain afferents transmitted
to CNS in sympathetic pathways in greater, lesser and lumbar splanchnic nerves
119
Where is foregut referred pain felt?
Epigastric region.
Pain fibres carried by the greater splanchnic nerve to spinal cord segments T5-T9. They give rise to referred pain in dermatomes T5-T9
120
Where is midgut referred pain felt?
Umbilical region.
Pain fibres carried by the lesser splanchnic nerve to spinal cord segments T10-T11. They give rise to referred pain in dermatomes T10-T11
121
Where is hindgut referred pain felt?
Pain fibres carried by the lumbar splanchnic nerve to spinal cord segments L1-L2. they give rise to referred pain in dermatomes L1-L2. Pain is therefore perceived in the hypogastric region
122
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal?
Yes
123
What is the exocrine component of the pancreas?
Produces and secretes pancreatic juice into duct system
124
What is the endocrine component of the pancreas?
Produces and released hormones (eg: insulin and glucagon) into the blood
125
What is the pancreas divided into?
Head, neck, body and tail
126
Where is the ucinate process of the pancreas?
Ucinate process projects from inferior aspect of the head
127
Where does the tail of the pancreas project?
Projects to the hilum of the spleen
128
what does the main pancreatic duct and bile duct unite?
hepatopancreatic ampulla
129
Where does the splenic artery run?
Along the upper border of pancreas to spleen
130
Where does the splenic vein runs?
Posterior aspect of the pancreas to the spleen.
131
what are the metabolic regulation of the liver?
Stores glucose, minerals and vitamins.
Regulates circulating levels of triglycerdies, fatty acids and cholesterol
Removes excess amino acids for protein prodcution and storage.
132
what is the haematological regulation of the liver?
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of toxins, excess hormones, antibodies
133
what are the 3 main functions of the liver
Metabolic regulation
Haematological regulation
Production and secretion of bile
134
Where does the liver lie
beneath the diaphragm, covered by the ribs.
135
Where is the liver located?
Right hypocondtrium, epigastrium and left hypocondrium
136
what divides the right and left lobe
Falciform ligament
137
where is the caudate lobe?
Between right and left lobe, above gall bladder
138
Where is the quadrate lobe
Posterior of liver, next to gall bladder
139
where is the diaphragmatic surface of the liver
Faces anteriorly, superiorly and posteriorly. moulded by diaphragm therefore smooth and convex
140
Where is the visceral surface of the liver
Faces inferiorly. moulded by viscera, therefore irregular and concave
141
what is the blood supply to the liver
Hepatic arteries - 30% from coeliac trunk
Hepatic portal vein - 70%
142
What is the microscopic structure of the liver
Liver is composed of hexagonal units called lobules. lobules held together by connective tissue
143
how is blood brought to lobules
branches of hepatic artery and portal vein
Passes through sinusoid to central veins
From central veins -> hepatic veins -> IVC
144
What is the route of bile in the liver
Bile is secreted by hepatocytes into bile canaliculi-> interlobal bilary ducts -> bile ductule -> bile ducts
145
where are hepatic lymph nodes located
At the porta hepatits and around the vessels within the lesser omentum
146
What is the route of lymph from liver
hepatic nodes, coeliac nodes, intestinal trunk, chysterna chyli and thoracic duct and then blood stream
147
What is the sympathetic innervation to liver
Fibres pass in greater splanchnic nerve to coeliac plexus -> hepatic plexus. Carries vasomotor fibres
148
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the liver
Vagus nerve
149
Route of bile?
Down right and left hepatic ducts into common hepatic duct. Common hepatic duct joined by cystic duct to form the bile duct
Bile duct unites with main pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla
Distal end of ampulla opens into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
150
What happens where there is fat in the duodenum
leads to secretion of cholecystokinin. this causes wall of the gall bladder to contract and the bile is emptied into the cystic duct and biliary tree
151
what is the microscopic anatomy of the gall bladder
Rugae
Epithelial cell possess microbilli
numerous blood vessels
randomly orientated smooth muscle fibres
