Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 4 Anatomy > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the oesophagus originate and terminate, and what levels are these?

A

Originate - cricoid cartilage C6

Terminate - cardiac orifice T11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10 - oesophageal hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of sphincter is the LOS?

A

A physiological sphincter, formed by four phenomena:

  • oesophagus enters the stomach at an acute angle
  • positive intra-abdominal pressure
  • folds of mucosa aid in occluding the lumen
  • right crus of diaphragm has a ‘pinch-cock’ effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the foregut, midgut and hindgut start and end?

A

Foregut: stomach - duodenum proximal to 2nd part of duodenum (includes liver, gall bladder, pancreas and spleen)
Midgut: 2nd part of duodenum - distal 1/3rd of transverse colon
Highgut: distal 1/3rd of transverse colon - proximal anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

Foregut - coeliac trunk
Midgut - superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are there 3 divisions of the coeliac trunk?

What level is the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

Level of L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At what level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?

A

Inferior of L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At what level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?

A

Inferior border of L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do all the veins from the gut drain into?

What are the two veins that converge to make this vein?

A

Hepatic portal vein

Made by the meeting of: splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the different embryological structures in the gut:

A

Foregut - coeliac nodes
Midgut - superior mesenteric nodes
Hindgut - inferior mesenteric nodes

All these nodes drain into the intestinal trunk, which empties into the cysterna chyli at the end of the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct then drains into the venous system at the left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the autonomic sympathetic supply of the foregut?

A

Preganglionic fibres originate from T5-T9
Nerve fibres are carried in the greater splanchnic nerve
Fibres synapse at the coeliac ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the autonomic sympathetic supply of the midgut?

A

Preganglionic nerve fibres arise from T10-T11
Nerve fibres are conveyed in the lesser splanchnic nerve
Fibres synpase at the superior mesenteric ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the autonomic sympathetic supply of the hindgut?

A

Preganglionic fibres arise from T12-L1
Nerve fibres are conveyed in the lumbar splanchnic nerve
Fibres synapse at the inferior mesenteric ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does referred pain from abdominal viscera perceived for the specific regions?

A

Foregut structures - epigastric region
Midgut structures - umbilical region
Hindgut structures - hypogastric region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What regions of the abdomen does the stomach lie in?

A

Epigastric, umbilical, left hypochondriac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the four main regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cardial notch?

A

The superior angle created when the oesophagus enters the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the angular incisure

A

A bend on the lesser curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 2 things attach to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

The gastrosplenic ligament

The greater omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Short gastric arteries - supplies the fundus
Left gastro-omental artery - supplies the upper greater curvature
Right gastro-omental artery - supplies the lower greater curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What 2 things attach to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Hepatogastric ligament

Lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Left gastric artery (branch of coeliac trunk) - supplies upper lesser curvature
Right gastric artery (branch of common hepatic artery) - supplies lower lesser curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three muscular layers of the stomach?

A

Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner Oblique muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the interior structure of the stomach composed of and what is their function?

A

Gastric folds - known as rugae.

They provide elasticity to the stomach, allowing it to expand and increase in volume without increasing in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When does the common hepatic artery become the hepatic artery proper?
Once it has given off the gastroduodenal artery
26
From what branches do the right and left gastroepiploic arteries arise?
Right gastroepiploic - gastroduodenal artery | Left gastroepiploic - splenic artery
27
Where do the veins draining the stomach drain into?
Right and left gastric veins - drain into the hepatic portal vein Short gastric vein, right and left gastroepiploic veins - drain into the superior mesenteric vein (which then drains into the hepatic portal vein)
28
Name the three parts of the small intestine in order
Duodenum Jejeunum Ileum
29
What are the 4 parts of the duodenum and what level are they found at?
Superior (L1) Descending (L1-L3) Inferior (L3) Ascending (L3-L2)
30
What is the most common site for ulceration in the duodenum?
Superior part
31
What is the first part of the duodenum clinically referred as?
The duodenal cap
32
Which part of the duodenum contains the major and minor duodenal papilla?
Second part (descending part)
33
What enters the duodenum at the major and minor duodenal papilla'?
Major duodenal papilla - bile and pancreatic duct | Minor duodenal papilla - accessory pancreatic duct
34
Which part of the duodenum does the transition from the foregut to the midgut occur?
2nd part (descending) Just below the major duodenal papilla
35
What is the longest section of the duodenum?
3rd part (inferior/horizontal)
36
What structure is located at the duodejujunal flexure?
Suspensory muscle (ligament) of duodenum - when it contracts it widens the angle of the flexure to aid movement into the jejunum
37
What are the 2 main arteries that supply the duodenum and which parts do they supply
Gastroduodenal - supplies proximal to the major duodenal papilla (foregut) Superior mesenteric - supplies distal to the major duodenal papilla (midgut)
38
What are the 3 branches of the gastroduodenal artery that supply the duodenum proximal to the major duodenal papilla?
Supraduodenal Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
39
What are the 3 branches of the superior mesenteric artery that supply the duodenum distal to the major duodenal papilla?
Anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal Posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal First jejunal branch
40
Where does the lymph from the duodenum drain?
Pancreatoduodenal nodes | Superior mesenteric nodes
41
How are the the jejunum and ileum divided into fifths?
Jejunum - proximal 2/5ths | Ileum - distal 3/5ths
42
What are the major differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
Jejunum is located in left upper quadrant, while the ileum is located in the right lower quadrant Jejunum is darker (red), while the ileum is lighter (pink) Jejunum has thicker walls, ileum has thinner walls Jejunum has lots of plicae circulares, Ileum has few plicae circulares Jejunum has less fat in mesentery, ileum has more fat in mesentery
43
What is the blood supply to the jejeunum and ileum and how does it differ?
Both are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery branches forming arcades and vasa recta Jejunum - less arcades and longer vasa recta Ileum - more arcades and shorter vasa recta
44
Is the cecum an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal structure and why?
Intraperitoneal structure, because of its motility (not because it is is suspended by a mesentery)
45
What is the appendix attached to?
The cecum It is also suspended from the terminal ileum by the mesoappendix
46
How does the lumen of the appendix change during age?
It is wide in young childhood, narrow in adolescence is virtually obliterated by middle age
47
Why are adolescents more prone to appendicitis?
Because at this age the appendix is narrow
48
What are teniae coli?
Three distinct strips of muscle present on the large intestine (colon) formed from the outer longitudinal fibres of the Muscularis Externa
49
What are epiploic appendages?
Small fat filled sacs that project from the outer wall of the colon
50
What are the most common positions of the appendix?
Retrocaecal (behind the cecum) - 11 o clock | Subileal (parallel with the terminal ileum) - 3 o clock
51
What is McBurney's Point?
The junction of the lateral and middle 1/3rd of a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus This is where the base of the appendix is, and people with appendicular problems may describe pain near this point
52
What is the arterial supply of the cecum and appendix?
Ileocolic artery - a branch of the superior mesenteric artery Splits into three branches: Anterior and posterior cecel - Supplies the cecum Appendicular artery - supplies the appendix
53
Where does lymph from the cecum and appendix drain?
Upper and lower iliocolic lymph nodes Both drain into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes
54
What are there distinctive features of the colon?
Haustra Taeniae coli Epiploic appendages
55
What structure is attached to the lower border of the transverse colon?
Greater omentum
56
What is the arterial supply to the ascending colon?
Ileocolic artery - from superior mesenteric artery | Right colic artery - from superior mesenteric artery
57
What is the arterial supply to the transverse colon?
Right colic artery - from superior mesenteric artery Middle colic artery - from superior mesenteric artery Left colic artery - from inferior mesenteric artery
58
What is the arterial supply to the descending colon?
Left colic artery - branch from inferior mesenteric artery
59
At what vertebral level does the rectum lie?
S3-S5 and the coccyx
60
What are the two major flexures in the rectum?
Sacral flexure - follows the curve of sacrum and coccyx Anorectal flexure - the angle where the rectum pieces the diaphragm (formed by the pulling of the puborectalis portion of the levator ani muscle)
61
How do the pouches behind the rectum differ in males and females?
Males - rectovesical pouch | Females - rectouterine pouch
62
What is the arterial supply to the rectum?
Superior rectal artery - from inferior mesenteric artery Middle rectal artery - from the internal iliac artery Inferior rectal artery - from internal pudendal artery
63
What is the venous drainage of the rectum?
Superior rectal vein - drains into portal system Middle and inferior rectal vein - drains into systemic venous system (This is a site of portocaval anastomosis)
64
What are the 2 sphincters present in the anal canal and how are they controlled?
Internal anal sphincter - upper 2/3rds of anal canal (controlled by involuntary smooth muscle) External anal sphincter - lower 2/3rds of anal canal (controlled voluntarily by skeletal puborectalis muscle)
65
What is the anorectal ring?
This is found at the junction of the rectum to the anal canal and is formed by the fusion of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter and the puborectalis muscle
66
What is the internal structure of the anal canal
Mucosa is organised into anal columns, which are joined inferiorly by anal valves. The anal valves form an irregular circle called the pectinate line, which divides the anus into upper and lower parts
67
What is the arterial supply to the anal canal?
Above pectinate line - superior rectal artery (branch of inferior mesenteric) Below pectinate line - inferior rectal artery (branch of internal pudendal artery)

Semester 4 Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions