GI tract

Question 1

The GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the ____ to the ____

Answer 1

mouth

anus

Question 2

what are the main organs/parts of the body involved in the GI tract

Answer 2

oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum and anal canal

Question 3

what are the accessory organs

Answer 3

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

Question 4

epithelial lining of the primative gut tube is derived from the ___

Answer 4

embryonic endoderm

Question 5

the connective tissue , smooth muscle and peritoneal covering of the wall of the tube are derived from the ____

Answer 5

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 6

where does the foregut extend from and to

Answer 6

from the mouth to the point where the hepatopancreatic ampula enters the duodenum

Question 7

where does the midgut extend from and to

Answer 7

from the point where the hepatopancreatic ampulla enters the duodenum to the junction between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the transverse colon

Question 8

where does the hindgut extend from and to

Answer 8

junction between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anus

Question 9

the gut tube is vascularised by branches from ___

Answer 9

the abdominal aorta

Question 10

foregut is supplied with blood from ___

Answer 10

coeliac trunk

Question 11

midgut is supplied with blood from ___

Answer 11

superior mesenteric artery

Question 12

hindgut is supplied with blood from ___

Answer 12

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 13

insufficient blood supply in the GI tract may lead to ___

Answer 13

ischemic collitis

Question 14

which veins drain blood from the major parts of the GIT

Answer 14

hepatic veins

drains through to the inferior vena cava

Question 15

what is a portal vein

Answer 15

a vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas and intestines

Question 16

what is a systemic vein

Answer 16

one capillary bed to the heart

Question 17

derivatives of the gut tube

Answer 17

pharynx
larynx
oesophagus
stomach
duodenum (proximal half)
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

Question 18

derivatives of the midgut

Answer 18

duodenum (distal half)
jejunum
cecum
ascending and transverse colon

Question 19

derivatives of the hindgut

Answer 19

transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon 
rectum
anal canal

Question 20

the intestinal loops protrude through the ___ region of the developing foetus to form the physiological umbilical hernia

Answer 20

ubilical region

Question 21

the intestinal loops usually return to the abdominal cavity through several rotations of the ___

Answer 21

gut tube

Question 22

what is omphalocele

Answer 22

failure of the intestinal loops to return to the abdominal cavity

Question 23

what is diverticula of the colon

Answer 23

small out pocketing pouches from the wall of the colon

may lead to diverticulitis

Question 24

the peritoneum lines the walls of which cavity

Answer 24

abdominal

Question 25

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum

Answer 25

parietal - lines the inner surface of the walls | visceral - covers most of the abdominal viscera

Question 26

what is the peritoneal caivty

Answer 26

potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal layers

Question 27

what is intraperitoneal

Answer 27

when organs are completely covered by the visceral peritoneum

Question 28

what is retroperitoneal

Answer 28

when organs lie behind the peritoneum and are partially covered on their anterior surface only (e.g. kidney or pancreas)

Question 29

what is a mesentery

Answer 29

- double layer of peritoneum that enclose organs and connect them to either the anterior or posterior walls of the abdomen

Question 30

what does the mesentery called omentum connect?

Answer 30

stomach to transverse colon

Question 31

what does the mesentery called the lesser omentum connect?

Answer 31

connects stomach and bit of duodenum to the liver

Question 32

what does the falciform ligament connect?

Answer 32

liver to anterior abdominal wall

Question 33

is the stomach higher or lower in slim people than fat people

Answer 33

slim people have lower stomachs

Question 34

cancer of the head of the pancreas often compresses and obstructs the ____

Answer 34

biile duct and/or the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 35

cancer of the head of the pancreas leads to enlargement of the ____

Answer 35

gallbladder

Question 36

what surgical procedure is used to treat cancer in the head of the pancreas

Answer 36

pancreatoduodenoctomy (whipple's procedure)

Question 37

what does the blockage of hepatopancreatic ampulla by gallstone lead to

Answer 37

pancreatitis due to reflux of the bile into the pancreatic duct

Question 38

right and left lobes of the liver are separated by the ___

Answer 38

falciform ligament

Question 39

quadrate and caudate lobes of the liver are separated by the ____

Answer 39

sagittal fissures and the transverse porta hepatitis

Question 40

``` true or false each lobe (right and left) receives its own primary branch of hepativ artery and portal vein ```

Answer 40

true

Question 41

what lobe is considered to be the third liver lobe

Answer 41

caudate lobe

Question 42

how many segments is the liver divided into

Answer 42

8

Question 43

by what 2 blood vessels is the liver divided into

Answer 43

hepatic portal vein | hepatic artery

Question 44

what % of blood does the hepatic portal vein supply to the liver

Answer 44

75-80%

Question 45

what % of blood does the hepatic artery supply to the liver

Answer 45

20-25%

Question 46

what % of the lymph entering the thoracic duct comes from the liver

Answer 46

between 25 and 50%

Question 47

what makes up the extrahepatic part of the billiary tree

Answer 47

right and left hepatic duct common hepatic duct bile ducts hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 48

what fraction does the jejunum make up of the small intestine

Answer 48

2/5

Question 49

what fraction does the ileum make up of the small intestine

Answer 49

3/5

Question 50

is this true for the jejunum or the ileum? | fewer loops of arterial cascades

Answer 50

jejunum

Question 51

is this true for the jejunum or the ileum? | longer vasa recta within its mesentery

Answer 51

jejunum

Question 52

what is a mesenteric border

Answer 52

concave margin of a small bowel loop | faces towards the root of the mesentery

Question 53

what is an anti-mesenteric border

Answer 53

convex margin of a small bowel loop | faces away from the root of the mesentery

Question 54

example of intra-abdominal disease of the mesenteric border

Answer 54

diverticulosis

Question 55

example of intra-abdominal disease of the anti-mesenteric border

Answer 55

meckel's diverticulum

Question 56

3 distinguishing features of the colon

Answer 56

omental appendices - small fatty projections teniae coli - 3 longitudinal smooth muscle bands haustra

Question 57

where is the appendix usually located

Answer 57

mcburneys point | retro-colic or retro-caecal (60-75%)

Question 58

anal canal is developed from 2 sources:

Answer 58

endodermal cloaca of the hindgut upper (2/3) | extodermal cloaca lower (1/3)

Question 59

what is the pectinate

Answer 59

the line that divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction.

Question 60

which nerves carry sympathetic ad visceral afferent fibres to and from the GIT

Answer 60

splanchnic

Question 61

which nerve carries parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres to and from the GIT

Answer 61

vagus nerve