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Anatomy Week 10 BT > GI tract and Associated Organs > Flashcards

GI tract and Associated Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 general layers for hollow organs?

A

(from lumen out)

  1. Mucosa
    - Endothelial layer
    - Lamina Propria
    - muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
    - dense CT
    - vessels and nerves, glands
  3. Muscularis Externa
    - circularly and longitudinally arranged muscle
  4. Adventitia
    - CT with or w/o mesothelial lining
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2
Q

What are the 3 principle functions of the mucosal layer of the GI tract?

A
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Protection
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3
Q

What are the principle functions of the submucosa?

A
  • provide blood and lymph vessels
  • glands (occasionally)
  • nerve plexus
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4
Q

What is the principle function of the muscularis externa?

A
  • Peristalsis
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5
Q

Explain peristalsis

A
  • Circular layer:
    compresses and mixes contents in the lumen

-Outer layer (longitudinal)
shortens the tub to propel contents along

  • Under control of ENTERIC nervous system
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6
Q

What type of muscle forms digestive tract sphincters?

A

Inner circular layer

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7
Q

Describe the lumen of the esophagus.

A

The lumen is highly involuted and convoluted

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8
Q

Describe the mucosal layer of the esophagus.

A
  1. SS nonkeritinized eptithelium
  2. Thin lamina propria
    - contains cardiac mucous glands at the upper and lower ends
    - contains GALT (GI associated lymphoid tissue)
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9
Q

Where can the GALT be found in the intestine

A

Mucosal layer

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10
Q

What type of glands are contained in the submucosa of the esophagus and what is the purpose of these glands?

A

Esophageal glands proper (mucus-secreting tubuloaveolar glands)

Purpose:

  1. Secrete into Ducts that empty onto the esophageal surface
  2. Provide protection for the mucosa
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11
Q

How do muscle fibers in the muscularis externa of the esophagus change as you move down it.

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Mixed skeletal and smooth muscle
  3. Smooth muscle only
  • This accounts for voluntary to involuntary control of swallowing
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12
Q

What makes up the upper and lower esophageal sphincters?

A
  • Inner circular layer of musle
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13
Q

What causes GERD?

A

incompetent inferior esophageal sphincter

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14
Q

What is the function of the stomach and how does it do this?

A
  • Digestion = main function

- adds acid and mixes food into chyme

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15
Q

What are the 3 unique structural feature of the stomach?

A
  1. Rugae
  2. Gastric Pits
  3. Gastric Gland
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16
Q

Describe the Mucosa of the stomach and all of its components.

A
  1. Epithelium - simple columnar
  2. lamina propria - GASTRIC GLANDS, lymphatic cells and CT
  3. muscularis mucosa
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17
Q

What layer of the stomach gives rise to the core of rugae?

A

SUBmucosa

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18
Q

What 3 muscular orientation are in the muscularis externa of the stomach, what is unique about this?

A
  1. INNER OBLIQUE
  2. middle circular
  3. outer longitudinal
  • inner oblique layer is unique
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19
Q

T or F: the stomach is covered in adventitia, not serosa

A

FALSE, all surfaces of the stomach are covered by serosa

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20
Q

What are some unique features of the stomach mucosa?

A
  1. SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS = simple columnar epithelia that contain mucous
    - Note this mucous is alkaline to protect the walls of the stomach
  2. GASTRIC PITS - caused by invaginations surface mucous cells (epithelium) into lamina propria
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21
Q

What are the 5 cell types in gastric glands?

A
  1. STEM CELLS
  2. MUCOUS NECK CELLS
  3. CHIEF CELLS
  4. PARIETAL CELLS
  5. ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
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22
Q

Where are stem cells found in the stomach?

A

The isthmus between pits and glands

Note: these are for the epithelium

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23
Q

Describe chief cells and where they found in the stomach.

A
  • Deep part of the gland
  • secretory acidophilic granules
  • secrete PEPSINOGEN (inactivated form of pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme)
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24
Q

Describe parietal cells and where they are found in the stomach.

A
  • Upper part of gland
  • acidophilic
  • secrete HCL
  • Secret intrinsic factor for vit. B12 absorption
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25
Describe enteroendocrine cells and where they are found in the stomach.
- Found at all levels | - secrete a variety of gastric hormones into the lamina propria
26
How do parietal cells show up in H and E?
- Large and pyramidal shaped | - pink
27
Where does cell division occur in the stomach and why?
- The ISTHMUS, because this is where stem cells are located
28
Describe the difference between cells moving upwards or downwards after being generated in the isthmus.
Upwards: - surface mucous cells - this is most of the cells - lifespan = 3-5 days Downwards - gland cells (parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine) - lifespan = 6 month for parietal, 3 months for enteroendocrine and chief
29
Differentiate the layers involved in the following folds/pits: 1. Mammillated 2. Rugae 3. Pits
- Mammillated - involves only the mucosa - Rugae - involve mucosa and submucosa - pits - small holes
30
Where does infection from the helicobacter pylori concentrate and what issues are caused by this?
- concentrates in the neck of gastric glands (lined by stem cells) - causes gastritis, ulcers, lymphoma, carcinoma - Cancer proliferates quickly do to proliferation of stem cells
31
What is the major function of the small intestines?
Absorption
32
What 3 modifications are used to increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestines?
1. Plicae circulares 2. Villi 3. Microvilli
33
What are plicae circulares?
- Permanent transverse folds of the MUCOSA - increases surface area 3x - contains SUBmucosa core - most common in jejunum
34
What layers are included in villi projections
- mucosa | - increases surface area 10x
35
What are indentations between villi that lead to glands?
Intestinal crypts/crypts of Liberkuhn
36
What structure in the small intestine is associated with gluten intolerance and what is this disease called?
- Villi - Celiac disease - gluten triggers immune system to damage or destroy villi
37
Which of the small intestine structures increases the surface area the most?
- Microvilli | - increase surface area 100x or more
38
What allows microvilli to move?
- actin that extends into the terminal web | - contraction spreads the microvilli
39
What type of epithelium makes up the small intestine?
Simple Columnar
40
What 6 types of cells make up the epithelium of the small intestine?
1. Enterocytes 2. Goblet cells 3. Paneth cells 4. M cells 5. Enteroendocrine cells 6. Intermediate cells (stem cells)
41
What is the primary absorptive cell in the small intestine? Describe it.
Enterocytes - found on: 1. villi 2. general surface 3. glands - Tall cells w/ basal nucleus and striated brush border - Tight Junctions attach cell to cell - Secrete H2O and electrolytes in glands
42
Describe goblet cells. - where are they? - what do they do?
- found on the villi and in glands | - apical part of cell contains mucinogen granules
43
Describe Paneth cells. - where are they? - What do they do?
- Found in the base of crypts of small intestine (basal basophilia), appear as red (acidophilic granules) - Regulate bacteria in intestinal glands - Digests bacterial cell walls and other antibacterial substances using secreted lysozyme and phagocytize certain bacteria and protozoa
44
T or F: M cells have microvilli.
FALSE, they have microfolds not microvilli
45
What are M cells?
- Found in epithelium of small intestine - Antigen presenting cells that overlie lymphatic nodules - endocytose things from lumen of intestin and release into underlying lymph tissue
46
What do enteroendocrine cells do?
Secrete various pepide hormones (similarly to how they do in the stomach)
47
What do intermediate (stem) cells in the small intestine do?
- can divide to form any type of epithelial cell - intermediate between enterocyte and goblet - make up MOST of the cells in the LOWER half of the gland
48
What is the lifespan for: - absorptive cells - goblet cells - paneth cells
- absorptive and goblet = 5-6 days | - paneth - 4 weeks
49
Describe the lamina propria of the small intestine.
1. GALT (heavily infiltrated with lymph tissue) 2. PEYER's PATCHES - best developed in ileum 3. LACTEALs (lymph capillaries) are present to absorb fat
50
Describe the muscularis mucosa of the small intestine.
- Typical inner circular and outer longitudinal layer | - Fibers extend into villi and enable their movement
51
What are the distinguishing features of the 3 parts of the small intestine?
1. Duodenum - contains BRUNNER's glands in submucosa (secrete alkaline buffer) 2. Ileum - PEYER's PATCHES (aggregations of lymph nodules) 3. Jejunum - few Brunner's glands, no Peyer's patches
52
T or F: the submucosa extends into the plicae circularis
True
53
T or F: the small intestine has BOTH a serosa and adventitia.
True
54
What is the function of the large intestine?
- absorption of water and electrolytes | - elimination of solid wastes and undigested food
55
What creates the teniae coli?
- three bands created from the outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa
56
T or F: plicae circulares is a feature of the large intestine
False
57
Does the large intestine have villi?
- No, but is have straight tubular glands that dip into lamina propria
58
What is the difference in the epithelial layer makeup of the large intestine vs. the small intestine?
- More goblet cells | - NO paneth cells
59
Describe the lamina propria of the large intestine.
- GALT well developed | - no lymph vessels - slow cancer metastasis
60
What are some distinguishing features of the appendix?
- no teniae coli - many lymph nodules (encroach on mucosa) - debris in lumen
61
Functions of biliary system.
- Produce proteins and Lipoproteins - Storage and regulation of vit. and minerals - Drug detox - Exocrine gland - Endocrine gland
62
What are the exocrine functions of the liver?
Bile secretion by hepatocytes contains: 1. Cholesterol 2. Phospholipids 3. bilirubin 4. bile salts
63
What are the endocrine functions of the liver?
Structure modifications then release into blood of the following hormones: 1. Vitamin D 2. thyroxine 3. Growth hormone 4. insulin 5. glucagon
64
What is a portal vein?
a structure that carries blood between two capillary beds
65
What is the blood supply to the liver?
- Hepatic artery, oxygenated (20-25%) | - Portal vein, deoxygenated (75-80%)
66
Describe the bile output from the liver.
- hepatic bile duct take bile from the liver to the gallbladder then to duodenum.
67
T or F: the triad of portal vessels continues as the original structures subdivide and continue into the organ
True
68
What are the contents of a portal canal?
1. Portal Triad 2. lymphatic vessels 3. nerves and CT
69
How does blood flow through the liver?
1. Portal (deox) v. + Hepatic a. (ox) 2. Sinusoids (blood from 1. is combined) 3. Central v. 4. Sublobular v. 5. Hepatic v. 6. IVC
70
What structure is located in the center of hepatic sinusoids?
Central vein
71
Describe the relationship between a portal triad and a central vein.
Portal triads run on the outside of sinusoids and send off small branches into sinusoids were venous and arterial blood is combined before entering the central v.
72
What cell type makes up the parenchyma of the liver?
Hepatocytes (make up ~80% of liver cells)
73
Describe the morphology and composition of hepatocytes.
- Large Polyhedral Cells - Many cells are Binucleated - lots of rER, sER, Golgi, heterochromatin (think about why)
74
T or F: hepatocytes are capable of regeneration
True
75
How are hepatocytes organized in the liver?
- plates of cells surrounded by sinusoids
76
What 2 other cell types besides hepatocytes are important in the liver?
- Ito (stellate) cells - important for vit. A storage | - Kupffer cell - removes bacteria and damaged RBCs
77
What is the location of Kupffer and Ito cells in the liver?
- Kupffer - in the sinusoid | - Ito cell - amongst the hepatocytes
78
What lines the What is the space of Disse?
- aka perisinusoidal space | - located between the fenestrated endothelium of sinusoids and hepatocytes
79
What tissue lines the sinusoids of the liver?
Thin fenestrated endothelium
80
What structure projects into the space of Disse from hepatocytes?
Microvilli
81
What produces bile and how does it get to the hepatic ducts?
- Hepatocytes make bile which is secreted from all 6 sides into the canaliculi Path: 1. Canaliculi 2. Canal of Hering 3. Interlobular Bile Ducts 4. R and L hepatic Duct
82
T or F: canaliculi have tight junctions
True
83
What is the 1st structure to receive bile from the canaliculi?
Canal of Hering (aka intrahepatic ductule)
84
What is does bile take to the intestines for reabsorption?
1. Phospholipids and cholesterol 2. Bile Salts (keep phospholipids and cholesterol in solution) 3. ELECTROLYTES: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-
85
What does the bile take to the gut for disposal?
- Bile Pigments | - Bilirubin
86
What is the shape of the classic lobule and what is this based on?
- Hexagon | - based on blood flow
87
What is the shape of a portal lobule and what is this shape based on?
- Triangle formed between central veins | - Based on drainage to a given portal area
88
What is the shape of a liver acinus and what is this shape based on?
- Oval drawn between two central veins - based on relationship between blood flow, metabolism, and pathology - moving towards the central veins the blood becomes less and less oxygenated (divided into 3 zones)
89
What zone in the acinus model would you expect to see pathology in first if a patient experience heart failure?
- You would see pathology in zone 3 nearest the central vein - the heart is not pumping blood hard enough to get it into this region
90
What is the function of the gallbladder?
concentrates bile and stores it during fasting
91
How does the tissue of the gallbladder differ from the rest of the intestinal tract?
1. Mucosa layer LACKS a MUSCULARIS MUCOSA 2. NO SUBMUCOSA 3. muscularis externa is Irregularly arranged
92
How does the gallbladder concentrate bile?
- Removal of H2O through an osmotic gradient - Hydrostatic pressure *Note: gallstones form when bile hardens
93
T or F: like the liver, the pancreas is also an endocrine and exocrine gland.
True
94
Where are the endocrine and exocrine parts of the liver located?
- exocrine = acinar (alveoli)W pancreas | - endocrine = Islets of Langerhans
95
T or F: acini have serous cells
True
96
What is secreted by acini?
ZYMOGENs - proteolytic, amyloytic, lipases, nucleolytic enzymes - Secrete into duct system for transport into the intestines where enzymes become active
97
What are intercalated ducts and what are they composed of?
- located within acini to carry material out of acini - they add H2O and bicarb to the secretion - made of CENTROACINAR cells
98
What is the ducts hierarchy in the pancreas and what cells make up each type?
1. Intercalated duct (squamous cells) 2. Intralobular duct (cuboidal, low columnar) 3. interlobular duct (low columnar, lots of CT, located between lobules) 4. pancreatic duct

Anatomy Week 10 BT (6 decks)

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