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GI Tract Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebral vomiting center

A

THE VOMITING CENTER and Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, in medulla

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2
Q

Vestibular center in the ear is stimulated by the neurotransmitter _____

A

dopamine

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3
Q

Nonpharm methods to alleviate vomiting

A

weak tea, flat soda, gelatin, gatorade, pedialyte, crackers, dry toast

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4
Q

NONprescription anti-emetics prevent motion sickness by inhibiting…

A

vestibular stiumlation

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5
Q

These ANTIHISTAMINE ANTI-EMETICS – cyclizine hydrochloride, dimenhydrinate, meclizine hydrochloride, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and bismuth subsalicylate – are examples of WHAT? What is their mechanism of action

A

OTC anti-emetics.

Act directly on gastric mucosa to suppress vomiting.

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6
Q

THIS prescription transdermal patch is an anticholinergic used for motion sickness.

A

SCOPOLAMINE

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7
Q

THIS prescription antihistamine is used for post-operative nausea & vomiting,vertigo, and anxiety

“Roxy Z. needs it after surgery”

A

HYDROXYZINE

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8
Q

THIS PhenothiAZINE anti-emetic is one of the dopamine antagonists. It acts by blocking H1 receptor sites and inhibiting the CTZ. It is used to treat and prevent motion sickness or to induce sedation.

It is “Pro-motion”

A

PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

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9
Q

Promethazine Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with …

A

glaucoma

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10
Q

A rare adverse reaction of promethazine hydrochloride is …

A

EPS

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11
Q

Side effects of THIS drug include: urinary retention, injection site reaction, incoordination, slate gray skin hyperpigmentation, restlessness, erectile/ejaculation dysfunction

A

PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

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12
Q

What is a risk with promethazine therapy?

A

dehydration

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13
Q

phenothiazine anti-emetics are effective in treating nausea related to…

A

chemotherapy

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14
Q

Which benzodiazepine is the drug of choice used to indirectly control N&V

A

Lorazepam

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15
Q

This TYPE of anti-emetic suppresses nausea and vomiting by blocking the serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the CTZ and in the afferent vagal nerve terminals in the upper GI tract

A

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists

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16
Q

This TYPE of anti-emetic does NOT cause EPS symptoms because it does not block dopamine receptors

A

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists

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17
Q

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists are often given in combination with other anti-emetics to manage…

A

chemotherapy N&V

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18
Q

ONDANSETRON is which category of anti-emetic?

A

Serotonin Receptor Antagonist

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19
Q

Is Ondansetron recommended in pregnancy?

A

nop

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20
Q

What is a common side effect of Ondansetron?

A

significant constipation

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21
Q

What are TWO GLUCOCORTICOIDS used to suppress emesis when administered with anti-cancer medications

A

DEXAMETHASONE and METHYLPREDNISOLONE

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22
Q

DRONABINOL is an example of which anti-emetic drug category

A

CANNABINOIDS

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23
Q

THIS DRUG Is a miscellaneous anti-emetic that blocks DOPAMINE receptors in the CTZ. For this reason, it has a higher prevalence of EPS, esp. in children.

A

METOCLOPRAMIDE (Reglan)

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24
Q

DIPHENOXYLATE with ATROPINE is in which CATEGORY of anti-diarrheals?

A

Opiate anti-diarrheals

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25
This combo drug inhibits gastric motility by acting on the smooth muscle of the GI tract to slow peristalsis.
Dephenoxylate-Atropine
26
This anti-diarrheal is contraindicated if diarrhea is severe due to pseudomembranous colitis, and with obstructive jaundice, glaucoma, and in children under 2.
diphenoxylate-atropine
27
Ileus, toxic megacolon, and respiratory depression are serious adverse reactions of WHICH anti-diarrheal?
diphenoxylate-atropine
28
WHICH anti-diarrheal category includes BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE?
adsorbents
29
Which adsorbent medication commonly turns stools a dark brown to black color?
bismuth subsalicylate
30
Because bismuth subsalicylate contains salicylate, what is a contraindication?
risk for bleeding
31
What are non-pharm measures for constipation?
high fiber, fluid, exercise, routine
32
Laxatives should be avoided if there is any concern for...
intestinal obstruction
33
WHICH lab should be monitored with osmotic laxative use?
serum electrolytes
34
LACTULOSE is an example of which drug type?
Osmotic (saline) laxative
35
THIS osmotic laxative works by drawing water into the intestine to form soft stool
LACTULOSe
36
THIS osmotic laxative decreases serum ammonia levels and is useful in management of liver diseases
LACTULOSE
37
Adequate renal function is required in order to be able to excrete magnesium if WHICH DRUG TYPE is to be used?
saline laxatives, which often contain magnesium salts
38
What is an electrolyte disturbance that may occur with LACTULOSE use?
hypermagnesemia
39
These are symptoms of WHICH electrolyte disturbance that may result from LACTULOSE use?: weakness, drowsiness, paralysis, heart block, hypotension, flushing, respiratory depression
HYPERmagnesemia
40
BISACODYL is what TYPE of drug?
Stimulant (contact) laxative
41
This drug increases peristalsis by direct effect on the smooth muscle of the intestine
BISACODYL
42
This stimulant contact laxative is used for bowel preparation, and prevention and short-term treatment for constipation, but it is also frequently abused.
BISACODYL
43
Fecal impaction and intestinal or biliary obstruction are contraindications for WHICH stimulant laxative?
BISACODYL
44
Adverse Reactions to Bisacodyl, a stimulant laxative, are...
dependence and hypokalemia
45
Patient labs with BISACODYL would focus on WHAT?
electrolytes
46
True/False Bisacodyl should NOT be taken within 1 hour of any other medications
TRUE
47
Bulk-forming laxatives typically produce a bowel movement in...
8-24 hours, but can take up to 3 days
48
Failure to consume a full glass of water after bulk-forming laxatives will cause WHAT adverse outcome?
the drug will solidify in the GI tract, causing obstruction
49
Do bulk forming laxatives cause dependence?
NO
50
What is the mechanism of action of PSYLLIUM?
acts as a bulk-forming laxative, drawing water into the intestine
51
What are some patient education points with Psyllium?
increase water intake, increase fiber intake, do not overuse, drink immediately and follow with additional glass of water
52
THIS DRUG TYPE lowers surface tension of water in the intestine, promoting water accumulation in the intestine and stool
EMOLLIENT STOOL SOFTENERS
53
THESE DRUGS are prescribed frequently after myocardial infarction and surgery to help the patient avoid straining.
EMOLLIENT STOOL SOFTENER
54
THIS emollient stool softener increases water retention in the stool and also absorbs essential fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, & K
mineral oil
55
THIS DRUG is not indicated for children or older adults or those with debilitating disease due to risk of aspiration resulting in LIPID PNEUMONIA
MINERAL OIL
56
This stool softener can cause mild cramping and is commonly prescribed in the acute care setting.
DOCUSATE (Colace)
57
This STOOL SOFTENER works by promoting water accumulation in the intestine and stool
DOCUSATE
58
Bismuth Subsalicylate drug type
antihistamine antiemetic, adsorbent antidiarrheal, antacid
59
scopolamine drug type
anticholinergic antiemetic
60
hydroxyzine drug type
antihistamine antiemetic
61
promethazine hydrochloride drug type
dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, phenothiazine antiemetic
62
benzodiazepine for antiemetic effect
lorazepam
63
ondansetron drug type
serotonin 5ht3 receptor antagonist, antiemetic
64
dexamethasone for antiemetic, drug type
glucocorticoid
65
methylprednisolone for antiemetic, drug type
glucocorticoid
66
dronabinol drug type
cannabinoid
67
metoclopramide drug type
misc. antiemetic
68
activated charcoal
adsorbent antidote
69
diphenoxylate-atropine drug type
opiate-anticholinergic aantidiarrheal combo
70
lactulose drug type
saline osmotic laxative
71
bisacodyl drug type
stimulant laxative
72
mineral oil drug type for constipation
emollient stool softener
73
docusate drug type
stool softener

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