GI Viruses

Question 1

There are five Important viruses that cause gastroenteritis, What are they?

Answer 1

(RAANE) 
• Rotavirus
• Adenovirus
• Astrovirus
• Norovirus
• Enterovirus

Question 2

Out of the Important viruses that cause gastroenteritis, Which 2 predominantly cause acute gastroenteritis?

Answer 2

(RoAd)

Rotavirus and Adenovirus are predominantly the cause of acute gastroenteritis

Question 3

What is gastro-enteritis?

Answer 3

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract – the stomach and small intestine.

Question 4

Ture or False:

Gastroenteritis is always caused by viruses.

Answer 4

False

Gastroenteritis could be bacterial, viral or parasitic

Question 5

How many children die from gastroenteritis per year?

Answer 5

4-6 million

Question 6

What is meant by Reovirus?

Answer 6

(R) Respiratory (E) Enteric (O)Orphan viruses

Question 7

What kind of virus is Reovirus?

Answer 7

Reovirus is a Naked (Class III) linear ds RNA in 10-12 segments arranged into a icosahedral capsid

Question 8

Reovirus is a type of _____ virus.

Answer 8

Rotavirus

Question 9

True of False:

In Rotavirus there are three concentric viral protein shells (VP 2, 6, 7) enclose 11 gene segments

Answer 9

True

Question 10

In Rotavirus on the outer shell which two viral proteins define the serotype and provide protection?

Answer 10

VP7 and VP4

Question 11

5 serotypes of rotavirus _____ accounts for 90% of isolates from children younger than 5 years. Of these, the ___ strain accounted for more than 75% of isolates

Answer 11

5 serotypes of rotavirus (G1-4, G9) accounts for 90% of isolates from children younger than 5 years. Of these, the G1 strain accounted for more than 75% of isolates

Question 12

Which of the following are methods of contamination of Rotavirus;
– Needle sharing
– Sexual Intercourse
– Contamination occurs through water or food
– Contamination is possible through aerosols

Answer 12

– Contamination occurs through water or food

and

– Contamination is possible through aerosols

Question 13

True of False:

Rotavirus is very stable at room temperature, can survive detergents, freezing and thawing as well as wide range pH (3.5- 10),

Answer 13

True

Question 14

How many serotypes of Rotavirus are there?

Answer 14

(15): Six are based on antibodies to VP7 (G type=Glycoprotein) divided into A and B, nine based on VP4 (P type=Protease) outer capsid proteins

Question 15

Rotavirus has an Incubation of ___ hours then causes Diarrhea and vomiting.

Answer 15

Rotavirus has an Incubation of 48 hours then causes Diarrhea and vomiting.

Question 16

The main cause of mortality in rotavirus is _____, due to Diarrhea.

Answer 16

Dehydration

Question 17

Antibodies against __ and __ probably important for protection

Answer 17

Antibodies against VP7 and VP4 probably important for protection

Question 18

True or False:

First infection usually does NOT lead to permanent immunity so a less severe reinfection can occur at any age.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Which of the following are possible Treatment, control and prevention of rotavirus.

– Symptomatic treatment: rehydration with a solution containing balanced electrolytes and salt
– Antiemetics for vomiting children older than 6 months
– Control by hygiene
– Vaccine available since 2007 for infants

Answer 19

All of them

Question 20

What are the main two vaccines for Rotavirus?

Answer 20

RotaTeq (Merck) and ROTARIX (GSK)

Question 21

What kind of vaccine is Rotateq (Merck) and when should it be administered?

Answer 21

Live oral pentavalent vaccine, RV5 contains five live attenuated strains 3-doses schedule (age 2, 4, 6 months, minimum age of 1st dose is 6 weeks

Question 22

What kind of vaccine is ROTARIX (GSK) and when should it be administered?

Answer 22

Live oral monovalent vaccine. RV1 contains one live attenuated strains Two doses: 3 and 4 months

Question 23

Norovirus is a subgroup (genus) within what viral family?

Answer 23

Caliciviruses

Question 24

What kind of virus is Astrovirus?

Answer 24

A nonenveloped (Class II) ds RNA virus in a single strand.

Question 25

Astrovirus is known to cause ___ (more or less) severe gastroenteritis than that caused by other enteric pathogens

Answer 25

Less

Question 26

In immunosuppressed adults, what virus is reportedly the most common viral agent associated with diarrhea?

Answer 26

Astroviruses are reportedly the most common viral agent associated with diarrhea in immunosuppressed adults

Question 27

What is the structure of Norovirus (Calicivirus)?

Answer 27

Round shaped non-enveloped (Class IV) ss(+) RNA viruses with icosahedral symmetry that contains a single capsid protein

Question 28

True or False: Calciviruses can't be grown in cell culture but Norwalk viruses can.

Answer 28

False Calciviruses can be grown in cell culture but not Norwalk (Noro) viruses.

Question 29

Norovirus and Rotovirus are similar in that they have a ____ ____ Infectious dose?

Answer 29

very low

Question 30

True or False: Norovirus and Rotovirus are similar in their stability except norovirus is more resilient to chlorine.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

How does Norovirus cause Diarrhea?

Answer 31

Shortening of microvilli, presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles and disturbance of water absorption and loss of ions resulting in watery diarrhea

Question 32

What is the incubation period of Norovirus and how long does it last?

Answer 32

12 hours to 4 days Symptoms usually resolve within 24-48 hours after manifestation.

Question 33

Can recurrent infections occur with Norovirus?

Answer 33

Yes, Recurrent infections can occur throughout life because of the diversity of norovirus strains and lack of cross strain or long term immunity

Question 34

True or False: Treatment and prevention of Noroviruses can be treated completely with Bismuth subsalicylate

Answer 34

False No specific antiviral therapy, but Bismuth subsalicylate may reduce the severity.

Question 35

True or False: Adenovirus can cause a different infection by infecting different areas of the body.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What serotypes of Adenovirus cause Gastroenteritis?

Answer 36

serotype 40 and 42 a.k.a. group F