Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neurology/psychiatry > Gibbs Brain > Flashcards

Gibbs Brain Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of memory

A

working memory, procedural memory, declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is declarative memory

A

memory for facts and events that can be recalled (dates, phone numbers, names)

aka explicit memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the subtypes of declarative memory

A

episodic and symantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is episodic memory

A

ability to recall information about episodes that are part of your history (name of a pet, grade on a test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is symantic memory

A

ability to recall ideas and concepts not drawn from personal experience (common knowledge like capitals of states and countries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is procedural memory

A

memory for how to do things (tie a shoe, play piano)
aka implicit or unconscious memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is working memory

A

a form of SHORT TERM memory where events are TEMPORARILY stored (holding a phone number in your head until you can write it down, remembering a set of directions while navigating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functions of the prefrontal cortex

A

executive functions:
regulates thought (short/long term decisions),
planning ahead, creating strategies,
adjust reactions to situations,
connect emotions with decisions,
house of working memory,
social judgment,
pay attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens when the prefrontal cortex is damaged?

A

personality changes,
negatively impacts ability to assess situations or perform tasks,
unable to discern appropriate behavior: reduced inhibitions,
extreme emotional distress,
impaired working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

precentral gyrus is part of _____

A

pyramidal motor system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

precentral gyrus responsibilities

A

direct innervation of motor neurons in spinal cord, brainstem, cranial nerve nuclei,
initiation of voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the precentral gyrus is a ____ system

A

crossed: cells on right side of brain control muscles on left side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens with damage to the precentral gyrus

A

paresis or paralysis on the opposite side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what structures make up the extrapyramidal motor system

A

cerebellum, pons, spinal cord, thalamus, substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functions of the extrapyramidal motor system

A

modulating voluntary and involuntary movements,
postural adjustments,
fine-tuning motor movements,
motor learning (procedural memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

extrapyramidal symptoms

A

tremors, rigidity, loss of gait, uncontrolled movements (dyskinesias), inability to make postural adjustments, disruption of autonomic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

also olfactory bulbs, anterior thalamic nucleus, septum, fornix, cingulate cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where is the hippocampus

A

medial temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

functions of the hippocampus

A

declarative memory consolidation
formation of long-term declarative memories
maintenance of cognitive maps for navigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens with damage to the hippocampus

A

anterograde amnesia (inability to learn new information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amygdala functions

A

perceptions of fear and anxiety
defensive behaviors
social functions such as mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens with damage to the amygdala

A

depression, aggression, anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A

regulates metabolic homeostasis
controls body temp, hunger, thirst, social recognition, fatigue, sleep, arousal, circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the hypothalamus links what to what

A

nervous system to endocrine system (via pituitary gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what happens with damage to the hypothalamus
severely affects homeostatic functions & hormone regulation
26
cell types in the brain
neurons glia ependymal
27
what are neurons
electrically excitable cells; process & transmit info thru electrical & chemical signals
28
what are glia
non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support & protection for neurons
29
what are ependymal cells
specialized cells that line the fluid-filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord
30
parts of neuron?
dendrites, soma, axon, myelin, nodes, terminal
31
what are (5) things that make neurons special
polarized cellular specialization excitable unique do not regenerate
32
types of glial cells (3)
astrocytes oligodendrocytes (CNS) microglia
33
primary functions of glial cells (4)
surround neurons, hold them in place supply nutrients insulate axons (myelinate) destroy pathogens, remove debris
34
microglia are the primary ___ in the brain
phagocytic cells
35
microglia are resident _____
immune cells
36
microglia play a role in ______
synaptic pruning
37
2 states microglia exist in
resting, activated
38
microglia are activated by?
infection, debris, stress
39
activated microglia release ____?
cytokines, growth factors
40
activated microglia are linked to?
autism, schizophrenia, parkinson's, chronic pain
41
why are the effects of infection and stress on the brain exacerbated with age??
microglial hypersensitivity hypothesis-- microglia have memory: previous activation hypersensitizes them to subsequent activation
42
corticosteroids affect on microglia
can sensitize microglia to INCREASE inflammatory response in brain
43
what is the peak age of onset for psychiatric disorders
adolescence
44
why do psych disorders onset in adolescence
btwn 11-13 years old the brain experiences rapid growth of nerve cell projections/connections a period of neuronal "pruning"
45
what is pruning
during adolescence, many nerve cells are lost -- a process by which nerve cells that are not used or needed are eliminated
46
what is the pros of pruning
allows the adolescent brain to function more efficiently for tasks that are already known
47
psych disorders associated with abnormal pruning?
schizophrenia, ADHD, autism
48
pruning is modulated by?
GABA mediated inhibitory activity
49
_____ cells play a role in pruning
microglia
50
____ hormones can also affect pruning
gonadal
51
what are the types of neurotransmitters
biogenic amines amino acids neuropeptides
52
what are the biogenic amines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine
53
what are the amino acids
glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate
54
what are the neuropeptides
somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin, TRH, GnRH, CGRP
55
what are the 4 dopaminergic pathways
nigrostriatal mesolimbic mesocortical tuberoinfundibular
56
nigrostriatal pathway is associated with
extrapyramidal motor system
57
mesolimbic pathway is associated with
arousal, memory, motivational behavior
58
mesocortical pathway is associated with
cognition, executive function, stress
59
TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR PATHWAY IS ASSOCIATED WITH
prolactin secretion
60
norepinephrine projections produce ____
excitation, arousal
61
norepinephrine is part of the _____ system
reticular activating system
62
where are the cell bodies of the norepinephrine neurons located
locus coeruleus
63
where are the cell bodies of the 5HT neurons located
a chain of raphe nuclei along the brainstem
64
5HT are involved in ___
regulation of mood, depression, obsessions & compulsions, social interactions/aggressiveness
65
dopamine and norepinephrine are ____
catecholamines
66
steps in catecholamine biosynthesis
L-tyrosine L-dopa dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine
67
L-tyrosine to L-dopa (enzyme?)
tyrosine hydroxylase
68
L-dopa to dopamine (enzyme?)
dopamine decarboxylase
69
Dopamine to norepinephrine (enzyme?)
dopamine beta hydroxylase
70
norepinephrine to epinephrine (enzyme?)
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
71
serotonin is an ____
indolamine
72
ACh is the primary neurotransmitter of ____
alpha motor neurons
73
ACh plays a role in __
wakefulness, attention, learning, memory
74
what is the rate-limiting step in ACh production
the reuptake of choline at the synapse
75
glutamate is the primary _____ neurotransmitter in the brain
excitatory
76
GABA is the primary _______ neurotransmitter in the brain
inhibitory
77
major types of neurotransmitter receptors
ionotropic metabotropic
78
ionotropic receptors
form ion channel activation alters membrane conductance
79
metabotropic receptors
act through G-proteins can activate or inhibit second messenger systems can also be associated with an ion channel
80
main groups of dopamine receptors
D1 like (D1, D5) D2 like (D2-4)
81
D1 like receptors are coupled to
Gs
82
D1 like receptors stimulate __
adenylyl cyclase
83
D2 like receptors are coupled to
Gi/o
84
D2 like receptors actions
inhibit adenylyl cyclase, increase K+ conductance, decrease Ca++ conductance
85
serotonin receptor families
5HT1 5HT2 5HT4-7
86
the serotonin receptors are what type of receptor
metabotropic (G protein-coupled)
87
how do 5HT3 receptors differ
they are ionotropic
88
5HT1: type
Gi/o protein coupled
89
5HT1: cellular mechanism
decrease cellular levels of cAMP
90
5HT1: effect
inhibitory
91
5HT2: effect
Gq/11 protein coupled
92
5HT2: cellular mechanism
increasing cellular levels of IP3 and DAG
93
5HT2: effect
excitatory
94
5HT3: type
ligand-gated Na+ and K+ cation channel
95
5HT3: cellular mechanism
depolarizing plasma membrane
96
5HT3: effect
excitatory
97
mechanisms of neurotransmitter termination
uptake, degradation
98
basic mechanisms of neurotransmitter uptake
taken up & re-packaged broken down, byproducts taken for re-use taken up by glial cells, converted, re-used
99
SSRIs basic mechanism
enhance serotonin activity at receptors by blocking serotonin reuptake
100
TCAs basic mechanism
enhance activity of monoamines by inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine and in some cases serotonin. also affects ACh and other biogenic amines
101
adderall, methylphenidate mechanism
increases dopamine and norepinephrine activity by blocking uptake into presynaptic vesicles & increasing neurotransmitter release (Adderall) or by blocking dopamine reuptake (MPH)
102
MAOIs mechanism
enhance activity of DA, NE, and 5HT by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, thereby preventing degradation of the NTs
103
cholinesterase inhibitor drugs
donepezil, galatamine, rivastigmine
104
cholinesterase inhibitor mechanism
increase cholinergic activity in hippocampus and cerebral cortex (by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase)
105
sinemet contains
L-dopa and carbidopa
106
sinemet mechanism
enhances dopamine production in the brain
107
first generation antipsychotics mechanism
decrease dopamine activity by blocking D2 dopamine receptors
108
second generation antipsychotics mechanism
decrease serotonin and dopamine activity by blocking 5HT2a receptors, and to a lesser degree D2 dopamine receptors
109
ropinerole mechanism
agonist at D2 dopamine receptors
110
benztropine mechanism
partially blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the caudate/putamen. also has ability to block dopamine reuptake
111
drugs that block reuptake
SSRIs SNRIs NDRIs TCAs adderall & methylphenidate
112
drugs that block degradation
MAOIs cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galatamine)
113
drugs that increase neurotransmitter production
sinemet (L-dopa and carbidopa)
114
drugs that act as direct agonists or antagonists
FGAs SGAs Ropinerole Benztropine
115
ropinerole is a _____
partial D2 agonist (parkinson's)
116
benztropine works by ___
partial blocker of muscarinic cholinergic receptors & blocks DA reuptake
117
serotonin biosynthesis
tryptophan--> 5-hydroxytryptophan--> serotonin (then gets broken down to melatonin)
118
enzyme: tryptophan--> 5-hydroxytryptophan
tryptophan hydroxylase
119
enzyme: 5-hydroxytryptophan--> serotonin
aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
120
enzyme: choline--> acetylcholine
choline acetyltransferase
121
enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase

neurology/psychiatry (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions