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Gilded Age Flashcards

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0
Q

What happened to the economy between 1877-1893?

A

The economy became better because of interstate commerce. There were cheaper goods and better transportation.

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1
Q

What was the Golden Spike?

A

Marked the completion of the coast-to-coast railroads. It was the merging point of the two lines at Promontary Summit in Utah

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2
Q

Who were three captains of industry?

A

John D Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie

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3
Q

What or who were the Molly Maguires?

A

Irish immigrant laborers who struggled to survive the American industry. Used violence to gain work safety

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4
Q

Who was the owner of Standard Oil?

A

Rockefeller

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5
Q

Where did all rail lines meet?

A

Chicago

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6
Q

How was iron turned into steel?

A

Bessemer process

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7
Q

Who was the corporate leader for the banking industry?

A

J.P. Morgan

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8
Q

What does “gilded” mean?

A

The era of enormous growth. To be covered with gold leaves or paint

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9
Q

What role did the government play in this industrial trend?

A

They were pro-business. Lack of leadership. Favored the growth. Corruption spread

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10
Q

What were THREE benefits/advantages and THREE negatives/discomforts to the transcontinental railroad?

A

Positives: 1. transportation 2. cheaper goods 3. land given to companies. Negatives: 1. expensive to build 2. lives lost during build 3. companies set own (usually high) rates

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11
Q

List two new inventions.

A

the air brake by George Westinghouse and sleeper/dining cars by Pullman car company. *(trains were NOT invented during the gilded age)

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12
Q

Who were the 3-4 railroad tycoons?

A

Cornelius Vanderbuilt, James J. Hill, Jay Gould

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13
Q

What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?

A

it watched over rail industry to make sure companies had reasonable rates for the public

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14
Q

What was Rockefeller’s industry?

A

the oil industry

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15
Q

What was a rebate?

A

discount rates from the railroad.

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16
Q

What was Standard Oil?

A

Rockefeller’s largest corporation

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17
Q

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

A

creator of the largest steel company

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18
Q

What was the Bessemer process?

A

converted iron to steel cheaply and efficiently

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19
Q

Who was Henry Frick?

A

Carnegie’s assistant who helped the Carnegie Steel Company become successful

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20
Q

How did Carnegie use his wealth for helping others? (philanthropic examples)

A

helped build 3,000 libraries, many schools, donated to public foundations, peace initiatives

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21
Q

What industries did Morgan develop?

A

banking, finance, bridge, tubing, and bought Carnegie Steel Co.

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22
Q

How did Morgan help the U.S.?

A

stopped spiral of deflation by letting government buy his gold. railroad dealings made smaller firms and shorter trips

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23
Q

How did Morgan hurt the U.S.?

A

his Northern Securities Railroad company was illegal under the Antitrust Law

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24
What did Morgan purchase in 1901? Why was it a big deal?
the Carnegie Steel Company; b/c steel was worth over a billion dollars
25
What happened to Northern Securities Railroad?
deemed illegal under the Antitrust Law
26
Define Gospel of Wealth
written by Carnegie; said those wealthy enough should help the less fortunate
27
Credit Mobilier Scandal
defrauded American public of common land
28
Charles Guiteau
killed President Garfield
29
James Garfield
President of US; after Hayes; was assassinated
30
Pendleton Civil Service Act
opened jobs to exams rather than political connections
31
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
146 people killed in factory fire because doors and windows locked the workers in
32
Haymarket Riot
Knights of Labor; bomb thrown at police in Chicago at a labor rally
33
Goal for unions?
need more owners rather than more workers
34
Great Strike of 1877
West Virginia workers declared no trains will leave until owners restored their pay
35
Yellow-dog contract
ironclad oath swearing an employee would never join a union
36
lockout
reverse strike
37
3 features of NLU
1.higher wages 2. shorter hours 3. banned prison labor
38
3 features of Knights of Labor
1.limits on immigration 2.restrict child labor 3. government ownership of railroads, phones, etc..
39
What happened to the Knights of Labor as a result of the Haymarket event?
the membership declined and soon no longer existed
40
Which union did Eugene Debs lead? Why?
American Railway union; to make his way into the railroad industry
41
Why did the Pullman Strike begin?
when 5000 employees were fired because they wouldn't accept pay cut
42
How did the federal government respond to the strike? Why?
sent troops to end strike and arrest Debs; caused too much chaos
43
What happened to Debs at the Pullman Strike?
he was arrested
44
What job did Debs run for in 1912?
President of US
45
Who are Wobblies and what did they try to do?
led many strikes; founded by William "Big Will" Haywood; fought for justice directly against employers
46
Elisha Otis
invented elevator in 1861
47
Louis Sullivan
Chicago architect and first designer of skyscraper
48
Thomas Edison
developed electricity in 1879
49
Alexander Graham Bell
invented telephone in 1876
50
Woolworths/Wanamakers/Marshall Fields
department stores with new merchandise, better quality, and cheaper
51
Brooklyn Bridge
helped Americans to afford living farther from the city
52
What is a political machine?
the people and institutions bosses controlled
53
What were TWO ways in which political machines were able to keep their positions of power?
1. boss had to keep constituents happy 2. be nice to big businesses and reward them so they would pump large sums to keep the political machine in office
54
Who was the most notorious boss?
William "boss" Tweed
55
Washington Gladden
biggest social gospel minister
56
Dwight Moody
shoe salesmen who took chapel on the road to preach
57
YMCA
young men's christian association; addressed problems of urban youth
58
Salvation Army
traveled to provide free soup for hungry
59
Christian Science Moniter
Mary Baker Eddy; preached faith was to cure evils (science and religion)
60
National League
Americans able to watch touring pros play baseball
61
American League
Rival of National League; Americans watch pros play baseball
62
Fenway and Wrigley parks
grandstand arenas for pro baseball
63
James Naismith
YMCA instructor that invented basketball
64
Vaudeville
popular form of urban performance
65
bicycle craze
bike invented in 1885 and everyone wanted one
66
How did Grangers try to help farmers in FOUR ways?
1. bought grain elevators so members didn't have to 2. max shipping rates 3. social isolation of farm life 4.stop the depressions of daily life
67
farmers alliance
won legislative seats to strengthen farmers voice
68
inflation
fall in value of money and increased prices
69
Greenback Party
party of people who wanted inflation and ran for President of US
70
populist party
demanded income tax and free coinage of silver
71
What were SIX reforms demanded by Populists?
1.income tax 2. direct elections of senators 3. recall 4. referendum citizens vote bill) 5. initiative 6. secret ballot and one year term
72
Jacob Coxey and his army
populist that lead 200 supporters to demand reforms
73
William Jennings Bryan
Attorney from Nebraska; democratic; defended farmer
74
What does "Cross of Gold" mean when Bryan says this in his famed speech?
he wanted coinage of silver and to crucify mankind
75
Who helped McKinley run for the election in 1896?
Marc Hanna
76
What were THREE factors that helped McKinley win the presidency in 1896?
1. stayed out of public eye 2. wealth of Hanna 3. support of moneyed eastern establishment
77
What were the big problems of the Gilded Age – corruption, health, urbanization related issues? Cite 5.
debt, inflation, unable to afford to live away from cities, expensive rates, TB and other diseases, child labor
78
How did America become more “American” in two ways?
rise in industry and rise in urbanization
79
Knights of Labor. Founder? Concerns?
Terrance Powderly; against child labor, wanted 8 hour work day, overtime pay, and income taxes
80
American Federation of Labor. Founder? Concerns?
Samuel Gompers; 8 hour work day, peaceful protest, safer conditions, higher wages, doesn't believe women should work
81
American Railway union. Founder? Concerns?
Eugene V. Debs; safer conditions, protected wages, and better hours
82
Industrial Ladies Garment Workers Union. Founder? Concerns?
Rose Schniederman; equality of men and women in work place, fair hours, safe conditions
83
Great Strike of 1877 (Wildcat strike). Reason? Actions? Results?
stop paycuts, more money; gathered and prevented trains from leaving,burned buildings, president helped end it; nothing changed, membership of Kights of labor increased
84
Haymarket Strike. Reason? Actions? Result?
shorter hours and more money; bomb thrown at police; nothing good came out of it, people died, Knights of Labor ended
85
Homestead Strike. Reason? Actions? Result?
against cut wages; struck homestead; unsuccessful, wages cut even lower than before
86
Pullman strike. Reason? Actions? Result?
higher wages; trains stopped, no mail delivered, workers blocked trains; owners stopped cutting wages, President issued retraining order against workers
87
Coal Strike of 1902 (Anthracite) Reason? Actions? Result?
more pay and less hours; Teddy intervened and stopped strike, peaceful protest; successful

U.S. History (2 decks)

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