Gillis And Nafekh - Planned Behaviours Once Freed From Jail

Question 1

Give three examples of custodial punishments

Answer 1

Prison, special hospitals and residential centres

Question 2

Give three examples of non-custodial punishments

Answer 2

Fines, probation and community service

Question 3

What are the two purposes of punishment?

Answer 3

Retribution and to reduce the crime rate

Question 4

What are the 4 main functions that prisons serve?

Answer 4

Incapacitation, rehabilitation, punishment and deterrence

Question 5

What are some of the problems with prisons?

Answer 5

Capacity, treatments and costs

Question 6

What are used to measure the effectiveness of prison?

Answer 6

Recidivism rates

Question 7

What did Roshier find in his 2 year study in Cleveland that showed the effectiveness of probation?

Answer 7

He found that 64% of imprisoned offenders were re convicted within 2 years, compared to 41% of offenders sentenced to probation

Question 8

For what three reasons can prison be seen as ineffective?

Answer 8

Prisons can act as colleges of crime that encourage inmates to learn new techniques to commit crime, Offenders can see prison as a result of being caught - not because of their crime and offenders that leave prison can find it very difficult to gain employment

Question 9

Who developed the Theory of Planned Behaviours?

Answer 9

Azjen

Question 10

According to Azjen’s Theory of Planned Behaviours, what did the likelihood of successful integration into society for offenders leaving prison depend on?

Answer 10

The offenders motivation and his or her positive intention to stay out of prison

Question 11

What was the aim of Gillis and Nafekh’s study?

Answer 11

To investigate the effect on reconnection rates of ex-prisoners who had been involved in a pre-release community-based employment scheme

Question 12

What method did Gillis and Nafekh use?

Answer 12

A content analysis

Question 13

Who was the sample in Gillis and Nafekh’s study?

Answer 13

23,525 offenders in Canada who had been conditionally released between January 1998 and January 2005

Question 14

What are the two main aims of the penal system?

Answer 14

To punish the offender and to rehabilitate the offender

Question 15

What were the two groups of offenders that were compared?

Answer 15

Those who had been employed prior to their release on a special community based employment programme and those who were unemployed

Question 16

What design was used in Gillis and Nafekh’s study?

Answer 16

Matched pairs

Question 17

What variables were participants matched on?

Answer 17

Gender, sentence length, family/marital status, substance abuse and attitudes

Question 18

What was carried out on the data from each offender?

Answer 18

A content analysis

Question 19

What were the results from those offenders who had been on the employment programmes prior to finishing their sentence?

Answer 19

They were more likely to remain on custodial release and less likely to return to custody

Question 20

What was the difference in the average time taken for offenders in the two groups to return to prison?

Answer 20

3 years for the employed group vs 1 year for the unemployed group

Question 21

What was concluded about the importance of employment based programmes in the last few months of an offenders sentence?

Answer 21

It gives them some of the skills they need to help them to integrate into the community

Question 22

What does this study show about helping prisoners plan their return to the community?

Answer 22

It addresses some of the points raised in Azjen’s model and increases the likelihood of success