GIS Practicals (Anatomy / Pharmacology) Flashcards
(20 cards)
[Dissection]
State the functions of ilioinguinal nerve.
Sensory: anterior external genitalia, medial thigh
Motor: IO + TA
[Dissection]
Iliohypogastric nerve pierces IO superomedial to …, then continues obliquely downwards and medially, then pierces aponeurosis of EO and becomes cutaneous just above … to distribute to skin in pubic region.
ASIS
superficial inguinal ring
[Dissection]
The inferomedial aponeurosis of TA joins that of IO to form …
Conjoint tendon
[Dissection]
The deep inguinal ring may be considered as a defect or opening in the …
Transversalis fascia
[Dissection]
Anterior rectus sheath is attached to anterior rectus abdominis by …
Tendinous intersections
[Dissection]
Pyramidalis is … to inferior end of rectus abdominis.
Anterior
[Dissection]
Pyramidalis originates from … and inserts into …
Pubis, pubic symphysis
Linea alba
[Dissection]
Superior epigastric artery is a terminal branch of …, while inferior epigastric artery is a terminal branch of …
They anastomose with each other, running … to rectus abdominis
Internal thoracic artery
External iliac artery
Posterior
[Dissection]
Describe the location of arcuate line.
Midway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
Inferior border of posterior rectus sheath
[Dissection]
Below arcuate line, rectus abdominis lies directly on …
Transversalis fascia
[Dissection]
EO fibres pass in … direction while IO fibres pass in … direction
Inferomedial
Superomedial
[Pharmacology worksheet]
9-year-old boy comes to the A&E department complaining of bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting. His body temperature is 38.1°C. He just returned from a family vacation to Indonesia.
Stool results are shown below:
Fecal leukocytes: positive
MacConkey agar: pink non-mucoid colonies
XLD agar: mucoid yellow colonies
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA) incubated under microaerophilic conditions: Grey-white mucoid colonies
The Gram stain of the culture isolated from CCDA shows a Gram-negative curved bacillus.
The boy has been diagnosed with campylobacteriosis.
What type of diarrhoea is the patient experiencing?
Penetrating diarrhoea
Fecal leukocytes + bloody diarrhoea -> inflammatory
Fever -> penetrating
[Pharmacology worksheet]
A 9-year-old boy comes to the A&E department complaining of bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting. His body temperature is 38.1°C. He just returned from a family vacation to Indonesia.
Stool results are shown below:
Fecal leukocytes: positive
MacConkey agar: pink non-mucoid colonies
XLD agar: mucoid yellow colonies
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA) incubated under microaerophilic conditions: Grey-white mucoid colonies
The Gram stain of the culture isolated from CCDA shows a Gram-negative curved bacillus.
The boy has been diagnosed with campylobacteriosis.
Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind the patient’s diarrhoea?
A. Destruction of gut epithelium
B. Excessive osmotic force
C. Increased electrolyte secretion
A
3 types of diarrhoea:
1. Secretory: toxins -> water secretion > absorption -> watery diarrhoea
2. Osmotic: e.g. lactose intolerance -> too much solute in gut lumen -> water not absorbed
3. Inflammatory / Infectious: epithelial destruction -> loss of absorptive capacity
[Pharmacology worksheet]
A 9-year-old boy comes to the A&E department complaining of bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting. His body temperature is 38.1°C. He just returned from a family vacation to Indonesia.
Stool results are shown below:
Fecal leukocytes: positive
MacConkey agar: pink non-mucoid colonies
XLD agar: mucoid yellow colonies
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA) incubated under microaerophilic conditions: Grey-white mucoid colonies
The Gram stain of the culture isolated from CCDA shows a Gram-negative curved bacillus.
The boy has been diagnosed with campylobacteriosis.
Which of the following is the most important treatment to be given to the patient?
A. Loperamide
B. Antibiotics
C. Oral rehydration solution
B
ORS: useful except for those with vomiting / impaired consciousness, X target the organism
Antibiotics:
1. Macrolides (e.g. azithromycin)
2. Fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
3. 3rd generation cephalosporins (e.g. ceftriaxone)
Anti-motility agents: avoided in patients with penetrating diarrhoea
[Pharmacology worksheet]
Describe the mechanism of action of macrolides.
- Bacteriostatic
- Bind irreversibly to a site on 50S ribosome
- Inhibit translocation of polypeptide from A site -> P site catalysed by peptidyltransferase
- Incoming tRNA cannot bind to still occupied acceptor site
-> inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
[Pharmacology]
A 9-year-old boy comes to the A&E department complaining of bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting. His body temperature is 38.1°C. He just returned from a family vacation to Indonesia.
Stool results are shown below:
Fecal leukocytes: positive
MacConkey agar: pink non-mucoid colonies
XLD agar: mucoid yellow colonies
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA) incubated under microaerophilic conditions: Grey-white mucoid colonies
The Gram stain of the culture isolated from CCDA shows a Gram-negative curved bacillus.
The boy has been diagnosed with campylobacteriosis.
Tetracyclines are not the drug of choice because
A. The patient is at a higher risk of tendon ruptures
B. Tetracyclines are ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria
C. The patient may develop tooth discolouration
C
Tendon ruptures in elderly: fluoroquinolones
[Pharmacology worksheet]
A 9-year-old boy comes to the A&E department complaining of bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting. His body temperature is 38.1°C. He just returned from a family vacation to Indonesia.
Stool results are shown below:
Fecal leukocytes: positive
MacConkey agar: pink non-mucoid colonies
XLD agar: mucoid yellow colonies
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA) incubated under microaerophilic conditions: Grey-white mucoid colonies
The Gram stain of the culture isolated from CCDA shows a Gram-negative curved bacillus.
The boy has been diagnosed with campylobacteriosis.
First-generation cephalosporins are not the drug of choice because
A. The patient is at a higher risk of tendon ruptures
B. Tetracyclines are ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria
C. The patient may develop tooth discolouration
B
New generations have an expanded spectrum of activity to cover Gram -ve bacteria
[Dissection]
Which structure forms the anterior border of the omental foramen?
A. Hepatoduodenal ligament B. Inferior vena cava C. Lesser curvature of the stomach D. Round ligament of the liver
A
Superior: caudate lobe
Inferior: 1st part of duodenum
Anterior: hepatoduodenal ligament (encloses portal triad)
Posterior: IVC, suprarenal gland, T12
[Dissection]
Which artery is involved when the blood is delivered from the common hepatic artery to the head of the pancreas in a common pattern?
A. Gastroduodenal artery B. Hepatic artery proper C. Left gastric artery D. Right gastric artery
Splenic artery
A
Gives rise to anterior & posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
[Dissection]
splenic artery courses from the celiac trunk along the …
Superior border of pancreas
