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Intro to GIS > GIS quiz > Flashcards

GIS quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Elements of a map and their definitions

A

TODALSIGS

Title
Orientation
Date
Author
Legend
Sources
Index - list of places on map
Grid - enhanced location specification
Scale - distance

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2
Q

What is magnetic declination

A

The angle between magnetic north and true north

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3
Q

Three types of scale and which is best for your map

A

Ratio - 1:1,000

Verbal - “one inch represents one mile”

Graphic - displayed like a “ruler”

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4
Q

Difference between large scale and small scale maps

A

Large scale - can see lots of details (1/10)
Small scale - zoomed out (1/1,000,000)

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5
Q

Difference between reference and thematic maps

A

Reference maps are for information about the location of features

Thematic maps show distribution of a specific metric

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6
Q

Difference between quantitative and qualitative maps

A

Quantitative - espressed as a numerical value

Qualitative - descriptive

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7
Q

Types of reference maps

A

Political, navigation, topographic,

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8
Q

Types of thematic maps

A

Choropleth - uses color to showcase a statistic
Dot density - uses dots to showcase statistic
Proportional symbols
Isarithmic
Flow line
Cartograms

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9
Q

What is a map projection

A

The transformation from the geographic grid to a plane coordinate system

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10
Q

Which properties are distorted because of projection

A

Angles, areas, directions, shapes, distances

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11
Q

What is an ellipsoid/spheroid/global/geographic coordinate system

A

Ellipsoid - global coordinates based upon “spherical” coordinates modified to account for imperfect shape of earth

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12
Q

What geographic coordinate system is the most commonly used

A

Latitude-longitude

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13
Q

What is the Prime Meridian

A

Imaginary line running longitudinally on the Earth

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14
Q

What is the equator

A

Imaginary line running latitudinally on the Earth

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15
Q

What 3 datums are you going to deal with the most living in North America

A

Clark 1866 Datum (NAD27)

World Geodetic System 1984 (NAD84)

Plane Coordinate SYstems

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16
Q

What are the 3 major developable surfaces

A

Cones, Cylinders, and Planes

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17
Q

What is Tissot’s Indicatrix

A

Circles plotted on a GLOBE will remain circular

Circles plotted on a MAP will be distorted in area, shape, or angle

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18
Q

What are 3 common definitions/descriptors of data

A
  • facts that are observed
  • facts that are measured
  • attributes
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19
Q

What are the dimensions of different symbolization forms

A
  • Directly realt
    Point
    Line
    Area
    Volume
    Time
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20
Q

What is the relationship between symbolization form and scale

A

Symbolization form is linked directly to scale - the size of symbol reflects magnitude of data

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21
Q

3 Characteristics of data: location, form, time

A

Location - points, lines, polygons
Form - qual vs quan, disc vs cont, total vs, deriv
Time - time on map, time of data collection, change over time

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22
Q

Difference between qualitative and quantitative data

A

Numbers vs. description

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23
Q

Difference between discrete and continuous data

A

Whole number vs. decimal

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24
Q

Difference between total vs. derived data

A

raw data vs actual after a math equation

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25
MAUP
Modifiable Area Unit Problem - can be used as an analytical tool to help understand spacial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation
26
4 levels of data measurements and differences between them
Nominal - "eye color" Ordinal - "level of satisfaction" Interval - temperature Ratio - height (has true zero)
27
Common sources of error
Source map error Data entry errors Processing errors Cartographic design errors
28
Pros and cons of different classification schemes
Manual - customizable Defined interval - sets specific class range size that user sets Equal interval - values divded into equal ranges, number of classes set by user Quantile - applies same number of values in a class, no empty Natural Breaks/Jenks - Based on natural inherent groupings Geometric - standardized to ensures each class has approx. same number of values and changes are consistent Standard Deviation - shows how much values of a feature deviate from mean
29
3 major areas of map aesthetics
Harmony - relationship between elements Composition - arrangement of map elements for emphasis Clarity - ease of readability and recognition
30
Visual heirarchy and ordering different elments to appropriate visual levels
What is most important thing on map Thematic symbols Title, Legend, Symbols, labeling Basemap - boundaries, sig features Basemap - water features Scale, inset map, orientation Framing
31
5 levels you will design at each visual level
Generalization - simplified shapes Symbolization - graphic representation Color - accents and balance Layout - composition and alignment Typography - fonts
32
What is the optical center
Directly above geometric center
33
What is the figure ground
A result of contract but in reference to shapes/objects. No figure ground for homogenous representations
34
What is contrast
Leads to perceptual differentiation, defines what is important
35
What is balance
Visual impact of arrangement of image units in map frame; impacted most by weight and direction
36
What is Gestalt theory
The brain will simplify and organize complex images subconsciously "unified whole
37
6 Gestalt Laws of Visual Grouping
Proximity - objects close together are grouped Similarity - objects that look alike are grouped Continuity - Viewer may extend pattern beyond visual field Closure - disjoint objects may create single recognizable shape Figure ground - some objects stand out more Symmetry
38
What is text heirarchy
Used to guide readers eye to whatever is most important through size or weight
39
Different between font and typeface
Font - variation of weights of a typeface (regular, italic, bold) Typeface - a family of fonts (TNR, Calibri
40
What is a font
Variation of weights of a typeface
41
What is a typeface
A family of fonts
42
What is leading and where would you use it
Line spacing - in titles, paragraphs
43
What is tracking and where would you use it
Overall space between characters - in sentences
44
What is kerning and where would you use it
Space between specific characters
45
Basic anatomy of text
Ascender height Cap height Median Baseline Descender height
46
Differece between serif, sans serif, script, and decorative
serif = formal sans serif = versatile, clean, minimal script - "old world" vibes decorative - use sparingly
47
Serif typeface styles
Old style, transitional, modern, square serif, glyphic
48
Sans serif typeface styles
Grotesque, geometric, humanistic
49
What are the 3 primary colors
Red, Yellow, Blue
50
What are the 3 secondary colors
Orange, green, violet
51
What are the tertiary colors
Yellow-green, yellow-orange Blue-green, red-orange Blue-purple, red-purple
52
Differences between common color schemes
Monochromatic - same hue, different shades Analogous - sequential on color wheel Complementary - opposite on color wheel Split complementary - on color, each side of opposite Triad - primary, secondary, or tertiary Tetrad - 2 analogous and their compliments Square - perpendicular (cross)
53
Difference between hue, saturation, and value
Hue - color Saturation - depth of color Value - light or dark
54
Different between tint, tone, and shade
Tint - color + white Tone - color + gray Shade - color + black
55
Difference between data and common color palettes
Diverging - interval data, growth, decline Sequential - increase in magnitude, ratio, dark=more Qualitative - each color= specific data point
56
3 types of color models and differences
RGB - all computers, additive CYMK - printers, subtractive HSv (B/L) - values
57
3 kinds of color blindness/ what colors cant be seen
Deuteranopia - no green Protanopia - no red Tritanopia - no blue
58
Cartography
The science of preparing all types of maps and charts and includes every operation from original survey to final printing of maps The art, science and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art.
59
Map definition
A symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place
60
True North
Refers to the North Pole, Never changes
61
Magnetic North
Refers to Earth's magnetic field, constantly changes
62
3 map classifications
Defined by geographic boundaries - small vs large scale Defined by use - reference vs thematic Defined by Data Classification - quantitative vs qualitative
63
Gnomonic
The projection center is at the center of the ellipsoid
64
Stereographic
The projection center is at the opposite side of the tangent point
65
Orthographic
The projection center is at infinity
66
3 types of projections
Conformal - angles are preserved Equal Area - areas are preserved Equidistance - distance is preserved between 2 points
67
Global characteristics lost in 3D to 2D transfer
Shape, area, distance, direction, position
68
Classification of Projections
- the global characteristic preserved - geometric approach to construction - orientation - interface of projection surface to Earth

Intro to GIS (4 decks)

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