GIS Terminology Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Features
A
represent the location of an object on a map
2
Q
Feature Attribute
A
descriptive information about a feature (ex. size, address, age
3
Q
3 components of an attribute query
A
attribute field, operator, attribute value
4
Q
what are the rows in an attribute table?
A
individual features on a map
5
Q
what are the columns in an attribute table?
A
the data attribute’s fields
6
Q
- Data
A
consists of numbers, text, or symbols
7
Q
- Information
A
differentiated from data by implying some degree of selection, organization, and preparation for particular purposes, OR data serving some purpose
8
Q
- Evidence
A
a halfway point between information and knowledge; a multiplicity of information from different sources, related to specific problems
9
Q
- Knowledge
A
how information is interpreted and used depending on previous experience, expertise, and needs
10
Q
a. Codified Knowledge
A
can be written down and transferred relatively easily to others
11
Q
b. Tacit Knowledge
A
more slow to acquire and difficult to transfer, ex: gained from experience and familiarity
12
Q
- Wisdom
A
based on all of the evidence and knowledge available
13
Q
GI Systems
A
computer based tools for collecting, storing, processing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic information
14
Q
GI Science
A
concepts, principles, and methods that are put into practice using the tools and techniques of GI systems
15
Q
Open Data
A
data that can be used, reused, and redistributed free of charge
Improve transparency, accountability, and efficiency of decision making
16
Q
Project
A
A collection of related geographic datasets, maps, layouts, tools, settings, and resources, saved in an .aprx file
17
Q
Map
A
The project item used to display and work with geographic data in two dimensions (a map opens in a map view)
18
Q
Scene
A
The project term used to display and work with geographic data in three dimensions
19
Q
Ribbon
A
The rectangular area across the top of the application composed of tabs that contain software functionality
20
Q
Tab on the Ribbon
A
a region on the ribbon that groups related Sofware commands
21
Q
view
A
the window representing the primary work area of the application
22
Q
active view
A
the view that currently has keyboard focus (the active view controls the contents of the ribbon)
23
Q
pane
A
a dockable window that contains a related set of commands
24
Q
gallery
A
a rectangular window or menu that presents an array or grid of visual choices
25
task
a set of preconfigured steps to guide users through a workflow or business process
26
quick access toolbar
a collection of icons located on the title bar that provides shortcuts to commonly used commands
27
portal
connection to an ArcGIS Online or portal for ArcGIS organization
28
ScreenTips
pop-up info tips that appear when you hover over the ribbon
29
Range
Optional dynamic filter that can be applied to a map based on numeric values
30
KeyTips
small tips that appear when you press the Alt key and show keyboard shortcuts for the ribbon
31
Web Tool
an analysis tool that runs through the web or on a server
32
ArcPy.da
Python module for data access
33
ArcPy.na
Python module for network analysis
34
ArcPy.sa
Python module for spatial analysis
35
ArcPy.wmx
Python module for workflow management
36
representation
the construction of a digital model of some aspect of the Earth's surface
37
byte
a group of 8 binary digits (a combination of 2 1s and 0s)
38
binary digit
a combination of 2 1s and 0s AKA bit
39
how many combinations in a full byte
256
40
short whole number
2-byte or 16-bit
41
long whole number
4-byte or 32-bit
42
discrete object view
the world is empty, except where it is occupied by objects with well-defined boundaries that are instances of generally recognized categories. (vector) ex. bears
43
continuous field view
the geographic world can be described by a number of variables, each measurable at any point on the earth's surface and changing in value across the surface. (raster) ex. elevations
44
vector advantages
vector is corrector
volume dependent on density of vertices
sources include social and environmental data
applications best in social, economic, and administrative fields
software includes vector GI systems, automated cartography
resolution is variable
44
vector representations
all lines are captured as points connected by precisely straight lines
44
six approximate representations of a field used in GI systems
1. Regularly spaced sample points
2. Irregularly spaced sample points
3. rectangular cells
4. irregularly shaped polygons
5. irregular network of triangles, with linear variation over each triangle
6. poly lines representing contours
44
raster representations
divide the world into arrays of cells and assign attributes to the cells (rectangular or square/pixels)
44
raster advantages
raster is vaster
volume dependent on cell size
source often from remote sensing, imagery
applications best in environment and resources
software includes raster GI systems and image processing
fixed resolution
45
simplification genaralization
for example, by weeding out points in the outline of a polygon to create a more simple shape
46
smoothing genaralization
the replacement of sharp and complex forms by smoother ones
47
collapse generalization
the replacement of an area object by a combination of point and line objects
48
aggregation generalzation
the replacement of a large number of distinct symbolized objects by a smaller number of new symbols
49
amalgamation generalization
the replacement of several area objects by a single area object
50
merging generalzation
the replacement of several line objects by a smaller number of line objects
51
refinement generalzation
the replacement of a complex pattern of objects by a selection that preserves the pattern's general form
52
exaggeration generalization
the relative enlargement of an object to preserve its characteristics when these would be lost if the object were shown to scale
53
enhancement generalization
such as through the alteration of physical sizes and shapes of symbols
54
displacement generalization
the moving of objects from their true positions to preserve their visibility and distinctiveness
55
weeding
the process of simplifying a line or area by reducing the number of points in its representation
56
The floor of a GIS house
geographic information
57
What does an analysis tool specify?
What the data is, where it is, and how it relates to other pieces of data
58
What is a Geographic Information System
-a container of maps
-digital tools for solving geographic problems
-spatial decision support tool
-inventory of geographically distributed features and facilities
-method for revealing patterns and proceses in geographic information
-tool to automate time consuming tasks
59
A Geographic Information System is a collection of
Software
Hardware
Network
Data
People
Procedures
60
Major questions that a Geographic Information System can solve
What exists at a certain location
Where are certain conditions satisfied
What has changed in a place over time
What spatial patterns exist
Whatif questions
61
The Process of GIS
Think about a place or topic
Ask a question about it
analyze data to make a map
explore the patterns that appear
enhance the data or modify the analysis
ask a new question
repeat
62
Examples of Spatial/Geospatial/Geographic Data
Lattitude and longitude
street address
x and y coordinates
range and township
locations shown on a map
63
Examples of Non Spatial Data
name
gender
income
SSN or student ID number
political party
64
a vector data structure is also known as
an arc/node data structure
65
topology
the relationships between points, lines, and polygons have been computed and stored permanently in the database portion of the GIS
66
Nominal Attribute
the name or classification of something, ex. a land cover class
67
Ordinal Attribute
usually some kind of ranking, ex. a first second or third order stream type
68
Interval Attribute
ex. differences between the intervals make sense such as Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature.
69
Ratio Attributes
ex. such as a 1 to 24,000 map scale
70
Cyclic Attribute
ex. wind direction: north, south, east, west
71
Distinguishing Characteristics of GIS vs other systems
provides links between pints, lines, areas, grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database.
provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of spatial data
"Spatially intelligent"- "thinks" points, lines, areas, grids are actual spots on the earth's surface, ex. switching projections, computing distances.
72
RARNUM
RARNUM is a 9-digit integer representing a unique combination of species, seasonality, concentration, mapping qualifier, and geographic and seasonality sources.
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voxel
3D pixel
74
TIN
triangulated irregular network
75
Tobler's 1st Law of Geography
everything is related to everything else, but near things are more relared than distant things
76
spatial autocorrelaion
formal property that measures the degree to which near and distant things are related
77
Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
a determination interpolation method that uses known values within a user-defined search neighborhood to predict the value at a specific location
78
sample frame
The quest to generalize about the myriad complexity of the real world requires us to abstract, or sample, events and occurrences from the universe of eligible elements of interest
79
Spatial Sampling Designs
Simple Random
Stratified
stratified random
stratified sampling with random variation in grid spacing
clustered sampling
transect sampling
contour sampling
80
Isopleth Maps
used to visualize phenomena that vary continuously over space
81
Choropleth maps
are constructed from values describing the properties of nonoverlapping areas, such as countries or census tracts
82
Spatially extensive variables
those whose values are true only of entire areas, such as total population or total number of children under 5 years of age
83
Spatially intensive variables
those that could potentially be true of every part of an area, if the area were homogeneous; examples include densities, rates, or proportions
84
mashup
describes linking Web sites to create new services that none of the component sites can provide alone and has special significances when linking is done through geographic location, when it is akin to overlay (the linking of services in general)
85
service-oriented architecture (SOA)
the notion that any complex computer application can ve decomposed into component parts, and that each of these parts can be providedby servides that are distriubuted over the internet
86
metadata
data about data
87
object-level metadata (OLM)
describe the contents of a single dataset. required to determine whether a dataset, once discovered, will satisfy the user's requirements
88
CSDGM
US Federal Geographic Data Committee's Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
89
15 elements of the Dublic Core Metadata Standard
Title
Author or Creator
Subject or Keywords
Description
Publisher
Other Contributors
Date
Resource type
Format
Resource Identifier
Source
Language
Relation
Coverage
Rights Management
90
Dublin Core TITLE
the name given to the resource by the CREATOR or PUBLISHER
91
Dublin Core AUTHOR or CREATOR
The person or organization primarily responsible for the intellectual content of the resource
92
Dublin Core SUBJECT or KEYWORDS
The topic of the resource, or keywords, phrases, or classification descriptors that descriptive the subject or content of the resource
93
Dublin Core DESCRIPTION:
A textual description of the content of the resource, including abstracts in case of document-like objects or content description in case of visual resources
94
Dublin Core PUBLISHER
The entity responsible for making the resource available in its present form, such as a publisher, a university department, or a cooperate entity
95
Dublin Core OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
Person or organization in addition to those specified in the CREATOR element who have made significant intellectual contributions to the resource, but whose contribution is secondary to the individuals or entities specified in the CREATOR element
96
Dublin Core DATE
The date the resource was made available in its present form
97
Dublin Core RESOURCE TYPE
The category of the resource, such as home page, novel, poem, working paper, technical report, essay, or dictionary
98
Dublin Core FORMAT
The data representation of the resource, such as text/html. ASCII, Postscript file, executable application or JPEG file
99
Dublin Core RESOURCE IDENTIFIER
string or number used to uniquely identify the resource
100
Dublin Core SOURCE
The work, either print or electronic, from which this resource is delivered, if applicable
101
Dublin Core LANGUAGE
Language of the intellectual content of the resource
102
Dublin Core RELATION
relationship to other resources
103
Dublin Core COVERAGE
The spatial locations and temporal durations characteristics of the resorce
104
Dublin Core RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
The content of this element is intended to be a link (a URL or other suitable URI as appropriate) to a copyright notice, a rights management statement, or perhaps a server that would provide such information in a dynamic way
105
geolibrary
digital libraries that can be searched for information about any user-defined geographic location
106
Virtual realities
replace what humans normally gather through their senses- sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste- by presenting information from a database
can place the user in distant locations
107
augmented reality
the idea of combining information from a database with information derived directly through the senses
combines information from the database with information from the senses
108
location-based service
information service provided by a device that knows where it is and is capable of modifying the information it provides based on that knowledge
emergency services is a strong motivator
battery life is the major limitation
109
Four Distinct Locations of Significance
the location of the user, and the user interface, U
the location of the data, D
the location where data is processed, P
the area that is the focus of the project, the subject location, S
110
OGC
Open Geospatial Consortium
111
GML
Geography Markup Language
112
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
the technology, policies, criteria, standards, and employees necessary to promote geospatial data sharing throughout the Federal, State, Tribal, and local governments, and the private sector (including nonprofit organizations and institutions of higher education)
113
Limitations to Shape Files
Field names cannot be longer than 10 characters.
The maximum record length for an attribute is 4,000 bytes
They do not support type BLOB, GUID, global ID, coordinate ID, or raster field types.
Null values are not supported.
Date fields only support date an do not support time.
114
ArcGIS Online Capabilities
Make Maps
Share maps and apps
Collaborate
Analyze data
Work with your data
115
ArcGIS Online Roles
Viewer
Data Editor
User
Publisher
Facilitator
Administrator
116
ArcGIS Online Content
Maps
Layers
Files
Scenes
Apps
Insights
Notebooks
117
Insight Workbooks
created with ArcGIS Insights to explore data and perform spatial, statistical, predictive, and link analysis
118
Notebooks
in editor, you can write, document, and run Python code in one place
With notebooks, you can perform analysis, automate workflows, and immediately visualize data and analysis results in a geographic context
119
Web Layers
logical collections of geographic data that are used to create maps and scenes; they are also the basis for geographic analysis.
120
