git Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
perioral melanosis + hamartoumtous polyps
A
peutz jegherz syndrome
2
Q
iron def + esophageal web + pharyngitis
A
plummer- vinson
3
Q
5 days fever red eyes/lips/tongue + edema + palm desquamation
A
kawasaki
4
Q
HSV characteristic
A
dna env linear
5
Q
scarlet fever caused by which group strept
A
A
6
Q
hand-foot-mouth dis caused by
A
picornaviridea
7
Q
benign salivary gland tumor has variability in cell size and shape
A
pleomorphic adenoma
8
Q
salivary gland tumor invades / has symptoms of B cells
A
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
9
Q
salivary gland tumor resembles the lymphatic tissue
A
warthin tumor
10
Q
herniation of stomach upward through the diaphragm
A
hiatal hernia
11
Q
abnormal relation of cardia to lower end of esophageal hiatus
A
hiatal hernia
12
Q
protrusion of fundus into chest above which level
A
t10
13
Q
irrit of esophageal mucosa by gastric acid
A
gerd
14
Q
gerd presents with
A
nocturnal cough
recurrent pneumonia
burning after eating a meal
15
Q
the most important risk factor for gerd
A
obesity
16
Q
high energy or forceful coughing vomiting
A
pyloric stenosis
17
Q
not billous vomiting
A
duodenal atresia - annular pancreas
18
Q
spitting up during the first feed
A
tracheoesophageal atresia
19
Q
barret eso
A
metaplasia of distal eso, conversion of squamous to columnar
20
Q
barret can progress to
A
adenocarcioma
21
Q
new onset of dysphagia to solids
dysphagia to solids that progress to solids and liquids
A
gerd -> adenocarcinoma
22
Q
how to diagnose the adenocarcioma
A
biopsy
23
Q
what affects the upper 2/3 of esophagus
what r the risk factors
A
squamous cell carcinoma
heavy smoker/alcohol consumption
24
Q
outpouching of eso above the cricopharyngeous muscle
A
zenker div
25
what is the diff between true and false diverticulum’s
true has musclaries layer
26
high tone due to loss of NO-secreting neurons
achalasia
27
enteric ganglia is the site of the prob
achalaia
28
dysphagia to both solids and liquids from the start
achalsia
29
which microbial dis causes achalsia
chagas dis by trypanosomiasis s
30
how to diagnose achalsia
esophageal manometry
31
esophageal perforation/boerhavaave syndrome
high pressure due to vomiting or straining
use water soluble contrast
32
mallory weiss tear
tearing of gastroesohageal junction leading to small amounts of blood
( no volume hematemsis )
33
causes of torturous esophageal veins
portal hypertension - cirrhosis - spelnic vein thrombosis
34
which vein is most affected in cirrhosis, causing tortuous eso veins
left gastric vein
35
idiopathic spasm of eso that mimic angina and has corkscrew appearance
eso spasm
36
trachealization of esophagus is indication of
eosinophilia esophagitis
37
cck functions
gallbladder contraction
sphincter of oodi relaxation
high exocrine pancreas secretion
38
macronutrients causing high or low cck secretion
high
39
hormone responsible for pain in biliary colic
cck
40
RUQ pain after fatty meal, which hormone is responsible
cck
41
secretin is produced by
s cells in duodenum
42
what causes high bicarbonate sec
secretin
43
histamine produced by
ECL cells
44
EC cells produces
serotonin
45
why ECL hyperplasia is associated with chronic gastritis
atrophy of parietal cells means high ecl production (histamine) to compensate
46
how gastrin increases production of hcl
by agonizing the gastrin receptors / stimulate ecl production
47
gastrin levels increases in
chronic gastrits and h pylori + ZE
48
ze syndrome associated with
MEN1
49
VIP causes what?
high water content/ volume from pancreas
50
WDHA syndrome
watery diarrhea - hypokalemia - achlorhydria
51
motilin
increases the peristalsis
responsible for gi sounds
52
glucose dependent insulin tropic peptide
causes high insulin sec in response to oral micronutrient
responsible for oral glucose being utilized faster than iv glucose
53
amylase is sec by
salivary glands and pancreas
54
pancreatic amylase increases in
acute panc
55
lipase function
responsible for break down the fat
56
chief cells secrets
pepsinogen
57
intrinsic factor secreted by
parietal cells
58
intrinsic factor function
helps in b12 abs
59
trypsin in converted to .. in brush border
enterokinase
60
serotonin inc or sec the gi peristalsis
inc
61
serotonin is produced by
EC cells 90%
carcinoid syndrome
62
carcinoid syndrome diagnosis
flushing and tachy, diarrhea and sometimes tricuspid regurg, 5-HIAA
63
DPP-4 inh
causes high insulin sec ( secretagogue)
64
insulin is prod by
beta cells in the tail
65
how the body dec the blood glucose levels
1- via glut 4 on skeletal muscles and adipose
2- glucokinase in the liver
66
high insulin and lows c peptide means !
exogenous insulin
67
whipppe triad
insluinoma ( hypoglycemia + it’s symptoms + improves with meals )
68
hyperinsluinemia causes what?
anovulation
69
acanthois nigricans
associated with insulin resets and stomach cancer
70
necrolytic erythema
associated with glucagonoma
71
what is counter-regulatory glucagon
in type 2, glucagon must inc when the glucose levels r low, once the pancreas is fibrosed, it won’t be able to prod glucagon, thus hypoglycemia
72
gastric ulcer charactaristic
pain with meals
73
duodenal ulcer characteristic
pain after meals
74
h pylori outcomes
duodenal ulcers - it inc the gastric acid/proteinaceous fluid
75
what causing gastric outlet obs
h pylori
76
h pylori inc the risk of
malt lymphoma
77
nsaid-induced ulcer
misoprostol
78
other cause of gastrits
burns and head trauma , smoking and alcohol
79
low mucosal thickening and low hcl and high gastrin
chronic gastrits
80
type A gastrits
affects fundus,body of stomach (autoimmune)
causes b12 def
associated with other autoimmune dis
81
gastric cancer types
intestinal and diffuse
82
gastric metastasis can spread into which organ
ovaries / hematogenosly
83
why high incidence of gastric cancer in japan
high nitrosamines and smoked food
84
gastric cancer histo
has signet ring cells contains mucin
85
virchaow node
palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes, associated with gastric cancer
86
In the setting of hemolysis or RBC turnover (i.e., sickle cell, hereditary spherocytosis, blood given during surgery), where we have RBC breakdown, we get direct/indirect bilirubin.
indirect
87
In the setting of hemolysis or RBC turnover (i.e., sickle cell, hereditary spherocytosis, blood given during surgery), where we have RBC breakdown, we get direct/indirect bilirubin.
indirect
88
- If the there’s a problem with uptake at the liver (i.e., acute hepatitis), or there is deficient conjugation enzyme (Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar), indirect bilirubin also goes
up
89
if we have a bile duct obstruction, we get indirect/direct bilirubin.
direct
90
Highest yield cause of direct bilirubin on USMLE is.. in neonates
biliary atresia
91
Highest yield cause of direct bilirubin on USMLE is,,.. in neonates
biliary atresia
92
Cholangitis (inflammation of bile ducts), choledocholithiasis (stone in biliary tree), choledochal cyst, head of pancreas cancer (impingement on common bile duct), and cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) are all HY causes of..
bile duct obs
93
Partial deficiency of bilirubin uptake enzyme at the liver (UDP glucuronosyltransferase).
gilbert
94
Presents as isolated indirect bilirubin with yellow eyes in young adult with stress factor, such as studying for exams, or recent surgery/trauma.
gilbert
95
Near-absence of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase causing indirect/ direct bilirubin in neonate.
indirect
96
. Answer on USMLE for direct bilirubin in a kid under the age of 6 weeks
biliary atresia
97
caused by lack of development of the intrahepatic bile ductules and biliary tree.
biliary atresia
98
Ultrasound will be done first, but USMLE wants liver biopsy to confirm which diagnosis.
biliary atresia
99
Inflammation of bile ducts within the liver, leading to their destruction.
primary biliary cirrhosis
100
Answer in a woman 20s-50s who has generalized pruritis, high serum cholesterol, high ALP, high direct bilirubin.
primary biliary cirrhosis
101
theory, would be due to biliary obstruction, where ̄ bile entering small bowel merely means ̄ fat absorption., associated with
biliary cirrhosis
102
Cholangiocarcinoma is
Bile duct cancer
103
. Answer on USMLE if the vignette sounds like pancreatic cancer but they tell you in the last line CT is negative.
Bile duct cancer
104
Stones in the gallbladder.
cholelithiasis
105
- Presents with biliary colic, which is acute-onset waxing/waning spasm- like pain in the epigastrium or RUQ.
cholelithiasis
106
what upregulates HMG-CoA reductase
estrogen
107
high … causing high cholesterol synthesis and secretion into bile.
estrogen
108
what lithogenic bile means
promoting the formation of stones
109
USMLE wants you to know that splenectomy is Tx for hereditary spherocytosis to ̄ incidence of ..
cholelithiasis
110
Ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol) ̄ …secretion of cholesterol into bile.
dec
