git Flashcards
What is Pyloric Stenosis?
A condition where the pylorus (stomach outlet) becomes thickened, causing obstruction.
What are the clinical manifestations of Pyloric Stenosis?
Projectile vomiting, persistent hunger, dehydration, and an ‘olive-shaped’ mass in the abdomen.
How is Pyloric Stenosis diagnosed?
Through history, physical examination, ultrasound, and metabolic tests showing hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.
What is the surgical management for Pyloric Stenosis?
Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (Ramstedt’s procedure), where the muscle is incised to relieve obstruction.
What electrolyte imbalance is seen in Pyloric Stenosis?
Hypokalemia and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis due to persistent vomiting.
What is the primary medical treatment before surgery?
IV fluids for dehydration, correction of electrolyte imbalance, and NG tube placement if needed.
What is the common age of presentation?
Between 3-5 weeks of life, commonly in first-born male infants.
What is the most important risk factor for Pyloric Stenosis?
Family history and male gender; also associated with bottle feeding and macrolide use.
How does Pyloric Stenosis appear on ultrasound?
Shows a thickened pylorus (>3 mm wall thickness, >15 mm length) with a ‘target sign’.
What are complications of untreated Pyloric Stenosis?
Severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, weight loss, and gastric perforation.
What is Intussusception?
A condition where one part of the intestine telescopes into another, causing obstruction.
What is the classic triad of symptoms for Intussusception?
Paroxysmal abdominal pain, bloody stool (‘red currant jelly’ stool), and vomiting.
What is the most common site for Intussusception?
The ileocecal junction (ileo-colic intussusception).
What are the risk factors for Intussusception?
Male gender, viral infections (rotavirus), Meckel’s diverticulum, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
How is Intussusception diagnosed?
Ultrasound showing a ‘target sign’ or ‘doughnut sign’.
What is the first-line treatment for Intussusception?
Non-surgical reduction using air or contrast enema under imaging guidance.
When is surgery required for Intussusception?
If non-surgical reduction fails, if there is perforation, or signs of peritonitis.
What is the pathophysiology of Intussusception?
Telescoping of the bowel causes venous congestion, ischemia, necrosis, and possible perforation.
What is the most common cause of Intussusception in children?
Idiopathic (unknown), often following viral infections.
What is the role of a barium enema in Intussusception?
It is both diagnostic and therapeutic by reducing the intussusception.
What is Esophageal Atresia?
A congenital condition where the esophagus ends in a blind pouch, preventing passage of food.
What is a Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)?
An abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea, leading to aspiration risk.
What are the clinical signs of Esophageal Atresia and TEF?
Excessive drooling, choking, cyanosis during feeding, and respiratory distress.
How is Esophageal Atresia diagnosed?
Failure to pass an NG tube beyond 10 cm, X-ray showing a blind-ending esophagus, and prenatal ultrasound.
