gjiogd Flashcards
(27 cards)
blood osmolality
increased: drink more, release antidiuretic
decreased: not thirsty, no antidiuretic
serum osmolality tests for
hydration
hyperglycemia
hypothalamus
ethylene glycol
ethylene glycol
kidney + liver try to metabolize -> toxic metabolites -> metabolic acidosis + nephrotoxosis from oxalate forming
TREATMENT: IV (often w sodium bicarbonate) of dilated ethanol competitive inhibitor
restores hydration, electrolytes, kidney function, excretes poison
fluid
crystalloid: lots small solutes, cross wall (hypo/iso), hydrating
colloid: large, don’t cross (iso), hold fluid
ISOTONIC: same osmolality as blood eg. 0.9% NaCl
HYPOTONIC: less osmolality than blood (more solutes inside than out)
- cell burst
HYPERTONIC: more osmolality than blood (more solutes outside)
- cell shrinks
solutes
electrolytes most common
organic molecules (proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides) large, less, uneven between compartments
diffusion
passive
- molecules from high -> low solute concentration
- depends on size, charge, and lipid solubility
FACILITATED
- carrier protein helps
eg. glucose -> muscle/fat
DIALYSIS
- blood circulated through fake kidney-> dialysate in opposite direction -> toxins go from blood to dialysate (lower concentration)
osmosis
the movement of water from low -> high solute concentration
- semipermeable membrane
eg. water in stomach -> bloodstream
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- water comes in because more protein interstitial
ONCOTIC PRESSURE
- pressure difference between in/out, exerted to stop when equilibrium reached
filtration
hydrostatic pressure
- fluid moves out of capillaries based on pressure gradient (heartbeat)
membrane potential
changes in ion distribution on either side of membrane -> voltage
membrane selective: Na has a harder time moving in than K
- 2 K enter, 3 Na exit
eg. muscle cell contracting.
active transport ions
Na, K, Ca2, Mg2
- need ATP + carrier
either symport (same direction) or antiport
ion concentration maintains….
irritable cells (cells that create ATP through respiration)
eg. neurons, myofibrils
cytosis
nutrients in, waste out
ENDO: into cell
phago: eats solids by phagosome
pino: liquid through membrane folds
eg. small intestine
receptor mediated: cells w/specific proteins in their membrane
- ligabands bind -> coated pit vesicle
eg. insulin
EXO: out
- vesicles in ER and golgi move to cell surface, fuse to membrane, release contents extracellularly
eg. neurons -> acetylcholine.
eg. endothelial cells -> mucus
eg. mast cells -> histamine
carbs
glucose
- makes ATP through glycosis
- excess becomes glycogen, stored in liver or becomes fat
starch: rice, nuts, grains, roots
cellulose: all veg
fat
liver can convert b/w kinds
triglycerides/neutral fats
- 2x energy of carbs/proteins
- help absorb A D E K
- insulate, protect
- energy for muscle cells, skeletal cells, hepatocytes
fatty acids:
a. saturated: only single C bonds, max H
eg. meat, dairy
b. unsaturated: double bond Cs
eg. plant oils
essential:
linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acid
protein
amino acids (NH2, COOH, R)
- all or nothing to make a protein
essential: taurine, arginine, glycine.
- complete: meat, eggs, dairy
- complement: legumes, grain
N balance: aminos not stored, used for protein or oxidized for energy or converted to carb/fat
- + = more protein in tissue than makes ATP
- - = protein breakdown more than in tissue
- BUN test (N packaged into urea in liver, excreted by kidney)
- ruminants digest protein with microbes that improve the quality of protein
water
most important.
can also get through oxidizing protein/fat/carbs.
but this makes free radicals (A C E vitamins are antioxidants that disarm)
vitamins
co-enzymes: keys that activate an enzyme
eg. riboflavin and niacin break down glucose
all from diet except
D (skin)
A (conversion to beta carotene)
K (intestine bacteria)
- water soluble
- absorbed in GIT then peed out
eg. C, B - fat soluble
- bind to ingesta, stored in body
eg. A D E K [not stored]
minerals
macro
micro
trace
metabolism/catabolism
stage 1: GIT - hydrolysis
- protein -> amino
- carb -> glucose
- fats -> fatty acids + glycerol
stage 2: cytoplasm (anaerobic).
- pyruvic acid -> acetyl coA
stage 3: mitochondria (aerobic)
- ADP + Po4 = ATP
anabolism
uses stored energy to make new molecules
metabolic turnover: constant manufacturing of new replacement molecules
energy storage: supplied by catabolism -> released when bonds break
eg. ATP, NADH, FADH2
dehydration synthesis: 2 things bond and extra H2O created
eg. poly = mono + mono
eg. fat = glycerol + fatty
eg. protein = amino + amino
reactions
- redox: electrons removed from oxidation
- reduction: gains e-, lost O, combines with H.
- oxidation: lost e- and H, combined with O - synthesis (anabolic)
- decomposition (catabolic)
- exchange: bonds broken and made
eg. ATP transfers PO4 to glucose -> glucose-phosphate
enzyme
act upon a substrate to create a product
co-factor: non-protein that completes for binding side
eg. iron, zinc, mg, K, ca
co-enzyme: nonprotein organic co-factors, often vitamins
- temporarily/permanently binds
eg. NAD, FAD, acetyl-coA
enzyme activity factors
- enzyme concentration
- substrate concentration: levels out when saturated
- temperature: levels out when enzyme denatured
- pH: levels out at extremes (except pepsin which likes 1.5)
clinical enzymes
only found in cell, in blood if damaged
alkaline phosphatase = liver/bone
amylase = pancreas
lipase = acute pancreatitis
alanine transaminase = hepatitis
aspartate transaminase = heart
assay on isozymes to pinpoint
