Glaciation Examples

Question 1

Cryosphere

Answer 1

• Periglacial environments
• Glacial environments
• Sea and ice shelves
• River and lake ice
• Snow cover

Question 2

Relic Pleistocene Landscapes

Answer 2

• Llanberis Valley - Glacial trough🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿
• Brecon Beacons - Cirques🇬🇧
• Hereford - Terminal Moraine🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

Question 3

Disruption to the Thermohaline Circulation - what caused the Younger Dryas

Answer 3

Glacial Lake Agassiz, North America🇺🇸

Question 4

Vikings

Answer 4

•Medieval warm period (800-1300AD)🇮🇸🇬🇱
•Little Ice Age (1350-1850)🇮🇸🇬🇱
Disappearance of Vikings (1540)🇮🇸🇬🇱

Question 5

Global warming

Answer 5

•Frost fairs, London🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

Question 6

Cirque (alpine)

Answer 6

• Brecon Beacons🇬🇧 (relic Pleistocene)

* Cirque du Maudit, Mont Blanc🇮🇹🇫🇷

Question 7

Valley glacier (alpine)

Answer 7

Mer de Glace🇫🇷

Question 8

Piedmont Glacier (alpine)

Answer 8

Skaftarjokull🇮🇸

Question 9

Highland Ice Field Glacier (alpine)

Answer 9

• Vallée Blanché🇫🇷

* Eyjafjallakökull🇮🇸

Question 10

Ice cap (polar)

Answer 10

Jostedalsbreen🇳🇴

Langjokull🇮🇸

Question 11

Ice sheet (polar)

Answer 11

• Antarctica🇦🇶

* Greenland🇬🇱

Question 12

Periglacial processes

Answer 12

• Solifluction
• Frost heave
• Frost creep
• Ground contraction
• Freeze-thaw weathering
• Pressure release theory (Tor)
• Palmer theory (Tor)
• Nivation

Question 13

Periglacial features

Answer 13

• Ice wedge polygons/patterned ground (Ground ice)
• Stone polygons and stripes/patterned ground (Ground ice)
• Open/Closed system pingo (Ground ice)
• Tor (freeze-thaw)
• Blockfield (freeze-thaw)
• Nivation Hollow (freeze-thaw)
• Scree Slope (freeze thaw)
• Solifluction lobe (mass movement)
• Frost creep (mass movement)
• Loess plain (wind/meltwater)
• Braided streams (wind/meltwater)
• Protalus rampart

Question 14

Surging glaciers

Answer 14

Hubbard Glacier, Alaska🇺🇸

Question 15

Changes in environment affect glaciers

Answer 15

Briksdalsbreen Glacier🇳🇴

Question 16

Erosional features

Answer 16

• Cirque (Macro)
• Arête (Macro)
• Pyramidal Peak (Macro)
• Glacial Trough (Macro)
• Truncated Spur (Macro)
• Ribbon Lake (Macro)
• Knock and Lochan (Macro)
• Crag and Tail (Macro)
• Hanging Valley (Macro/Meso)
• Roche Moutonnee (Meso)
• Striations (Meso)
• Chatter Marks (Meso)

Question 17

Crag and tail (Macro erosional feature)

Answer 17

Edinburgh Castle and the Royal Mile🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

Question 18

Glacial mass balance

Answer 18

Briksdalsbreen Glacier🇳🇴

Question 19

Depositional features

Answer 19

• Drumlin (Ice contact)
• Till plain (Ice contact)
• Lateral Moraine (Ice contact)
• Medial Moraine (Ice contact)
• Terminal Moraine (Ice contact)
• Recessional Moraine (Ice contact)
• Esker (Fluvio-glacial)
• Kame (Fluvio-glacial)
• Kame Terrace (Fluvio-glacial)
• Kettle Hole Lakes (Fluvio-glacial)
• Outwash Plain (Fluvio-glacial)
• Pro-glacial Lakes (Fluvio-glacial)

Question 20

Till plains

Answer 20

East Anglia - much of East Anglia is an extensive till plain formed from repeated ice sheet advances - averages 30m thick🇬🇧

Question 21

Erratic boulders

Answer 21

Big rock, Alberta🇨🇦

Question 22

Esker

Answer 22

Munroe Esker🇨🇦 400km long

Question 23

Proglacial lake

Answer 23

Lake Missoula🇺🇸

Lake Annecy🇫🇷

Question 24

Outwash plain/sandur

Answer 24

Svalbard, Norway🇳🇴

Iceland🇮🇸

Question 25

Value of glacial & periglacial environments

Answer 25

* Jon Muir (1838-1914) * Yellowstone (1872)🇺🇸 * Yosemite (1890)🇺🇸 * Norwegian culture🇳🇴

Question 26

Agricultural use

Answer 26

👍Till plain - Glencoe Valley🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 👎🏾Till deposits - English Fenlands🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 👎🏾Knock and Lochan - Outer Hebrides🇬🇧

Question 27

Construction and settlements

Answer 27

* Sandar - Hereford🇬🇧 | * Crag and tail - Edinburgh🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

Question 28

Communications

Answer 28

•Abandoned spillways and cols provide passes through upland areas -Overspill channel, Lake Wooferton, Herefordshire🇬🇧 -Col, Glencoe Valley🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 •Fjords provide natural harbours -Royal Navy’s Nuclear submarine base Gare Loch, River Clyde🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 •Eskers - foundations for roads & railways🇫🇮

Question 29

Tourism and leisure

Answer 29

* Alps🇫🇷 * Highlands🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 * Lake District🇬🇧

Question 30

Anthropogenic climate change (human impact)

Answer 30

* To kill a glacier article - Andean glaciers, Chile🇨🇱 | * Melting away article - Niaqornat, Greenland🇬🇱

Question 31

Exploitation/resources

Answer 31

* Prudhoe Bay, Alaska🇺🇸 * Canada🇨🇦 * Alps🇫🇷 * Yamal Peninsula🇷🇺

Question 32

Fragile environment

Answer 32

•Alaska🇺🇸

Question 33

Opportunities provided by glacial environments

Answer 33

* Tourism - Alps🇫🇷 * Energy production - Dinorwig🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Emosson🇨🇭 * Water supply - Asia🌏 * Quarrying - Lake District🇬🇧 * Agriculture - Glencoe Valley🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 * Transport -Glencoe Valley🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Lake Wooferton🇬🇧 * Settlements - Hereford🇬🇧

Question 34

Human impact

Answer 34

* Emosson🇨🇭 * Alps🇫🇷 * Alaska🇺🇸

Question 35

Threats to glaciated landscapes from natural hazards

Answer 35

* Jokulhlaups - Namche Hydro Project, Sagarmatha (1985)🇳🇵 * Avalanches - Sagarmatha (2015)🇳🇵 * Deforestation & landslides - Nepal🇳🇵 * Lahars

Question 36

Threats to glaciated landscapes from human activity

Answer 36

* Polar Tourism - Antarctic & Svalbard🇳🇴 * Greenland (2014)🇬🇱 * Political Disputes - (2007) Russia🇷🇺 * Yamal Peninsula🇷🇺

Question 37

Threats to glaciated landscapes from global warming

Answer 37

* Greenland Ice Sheet🇬🇱 * Greenland Polar Bears🇬🇱 * Yamal Peninsula🇷🇺 * Niaqornat, Greenland🇬🇱 * Andean glaciers, Chile🇨🇱

Question 38

Stakeholders in glacial landscapes (Managing threats)

Answer 38

* IGOs * TNCs * Pressure Groups * Governments * Local Businesses * Natives * Tourists and visitors

Question 39

Legislative frameworks to protect and conserve glacial environments (managing threats)

Answer 39

* Antarctic Treaty (1961)📝 | * Alpine Convention📝

Question 40

Alpine convention: mitigation

Answer 40

Slovenia🇸🇮

Question 41

Alpine convention: adaptation

Answer 41

Bavaria🇩🇪