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Ecology 228 > Glaciers > Flashcards

Glaciers Flashcards

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1
Q

Glacier

A

moving mass of ice that begins on land

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2
Q

Glaciers form when

A

there is a year to year snow surplus

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3
Q

Firn

A

snow that survives a full season of ablation, partially compacted

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4
Q

Cold glacier

A

Glacier which is frozen to the bed rock and no erosion

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5
Q

basal sliding

A

glacier sliding over the bed before it due to melt water under the ice

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6
Q

Alpine glaciers form in

A

narrow mountian valleys

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7
Q

Alpine glaciers start as

A

cirque glaciers

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8
Q

piedmont glaciers

A

steep valley glaciers spill into realitively flat plains into bulb like lobes

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9
Q

Continental glaciers Shape

A

Dome

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10
Q

continental glaciers grow from

A

centeral accumulation zone

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11
Q

examples of continental glaciers

A

antartica, greenland

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12
Q

Accumulation zone

A

Upper part of glacier

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13
Q

Accumulation zone has a + or - mass balance

A

+

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14
Q

What causes flow (glaciers)

A

Annual Accumulation> Ablation

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15
Q

Ablation zone

A

Lower part of glacier- net loss from melting, calving

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16
Q

Negitive mass balance caused by

A

Ablation> accumulation

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17
Q

Equilibrium line

A

(~firnline) separates the two zones

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18
Q

ELA

A

Equilibrium line altitude

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19
Q

Vertical layers in a glacier

A

Brittle, plastic, basal

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20
Q

Brittle zone

A

at the top where crevasses form

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21
Q

Plastic zone

A

center

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22
Q

Melting (basal zone)

A

On upward slope

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23
Q

Refreezing (basal zone)

A

downward slope

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24
Q

Glacial erosion- Ice push

A

Glaciers push debris

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25
Glacial erosion - Abrasion
Scouring by ice and embedded sediment
26
Glacial erosion - Plucking
Suction-like removal of blocks of ice | -exploits existing fracture/ joints in rock.
27
Glacial Erosion (3)
Icepush Abrasion Plucking
28
Small erosional features (glacial)
Polish Striations Grooves Crag and tails/ Rat tails
29
Roches Mountonnees
Asymmetrical Rock knobs Polliished, gentle stoss side (abrasion) Rough steep lee side (plucking)
30
Alpine Erosional Landforms (7)
``` Cirques Glacial troughs Hanging valley Truncated spur Fjord Arete Horn ```
31
Cirques
result of alpine glaciers usually contains a tarn
32
glacial troughs
U-shaped valley | Relatively straight
33
Truncated spur
Large ridge of land with its end cut off
34
Fjord
drowned valleys flooded by rising sea
35
Arete
think ridge formed from when two glaciers erode parrell u-shaped valleys
36
col
Low part of an arete
37
Horn
Un affected glacial area
38
Nunatak
horn protruding from a glacier
39
Positive Continental erosional landforms
rock drumlins drumlins flutings
40
Negitive Continental erosional land forms
Mega- grooves/ mega flutes | rock basins
41
Depositional landforms by (glacial ice)
till
42
Depositional landforms by glacial melt water
stratified drift
43
Depositional landforms by glacial deposits
Glacial drift
44
End morains
Front of glacier
45
Lateral morains
beside glacier
46
terminal mark
the furthest advance
47
recessional mark
temporary halts or readvances during retreat
48
medial morains
between 2 coalescing glaciers
49
ground moraine
Under the glacier- Cover the ground in the path of the glacier
50
Drumlins
Streamlined hills of mostly till (tear dropped shaped- Steep side up glacier) Occur in groups (swarms or feilds)
51
Flutings
Highly elonglated drumlins ( no well devloped stoss and lee ends)
52
Glaciofluvial landforms
Produced by meltwater streams near glaciers
53
Sediment deposits called out wash
invariably in braided streams (high sed load, variable discharge)
54
Outwash plains
Broad plains formed by deposits from proglacial braided streams; very wide and active Feed large glaciofluvial deltas when dry becomes one main source of fine wind blown material called loess
55
eskers
sinous ridges deposited in streams in tunnels under the ice
56
kame
Formed in glacial cracks of sediment when glacier retreats it is deposited
57
proglacial lakes
Dammed by ice or moraine | Striking turquoise colour due to glacial rock flour
58
Deltas
Form where streams enter proglacial lakes | large thick sandy gravel deposits
59
Kettles
Depressions produced by melting iceblocks surrounded and or burried by outwash( or till) later often occupied by a lake
60
Glaciolacustrine land forms:
Proglacial lakes deltas kettles
61
Glaciofluvial landforms
outwash plains eskers kames
62
Basal till
Unsorted matrix supported, over-consolidated, sub angular to sub rounded clasts,often cohesive(clay-rich), strong till fabric, striated clasts
63
Ablation till
Coarser less compact, more angular clasts, no fabric. May be crudly stratified
64
Glaciofluvial deposits
like braided river sediments, but deposits often much thicker. Commonly disturbed due to loss of ice support
65
Glacioacustrine deposits
Fine (claey to sandy muds), well sorted, finely stratified (often varved- annual sandy summer alternating with clay winter beds) Unconsolidated, often include larger dropstones.
66
Glaciomarine Deposits
aFine (clayey to sandy muds), well sorted, finely stratified (often varved – annual sandy summer layers alternating with clay winter beds), unconsolidated, often include larger dropstones but typically massive, more clay, marine fossils.
67
raised beach deposits
Like any beach, but usually well above modern sea level –gravelly layer at the top of the Dallas Road bluffs (just below the organic rich loess at the surface)
68
Climate oscillations
Ice ages
69
Most recent Ice age
Late Cenozoic
70
Most recent glacial stage
Wisconsinan
71
Laurentide Ice sheet
Covered most of Canada east of rockies | up to 3 kn thick
72
Cordilleran Ice sheet
Coalescent alpine glaciers in western mountains flowed together as pedimont glaciers Covered all of bc
73
Eustatic
Glaciation-> water stored in glaciers-> sealevel fall Vice versa Measured in un glaciated (tropical) areas
74
Isostatic
Glaciation--> isostatic depression of crust into mantle--> sealevel rise Measured in glaciated areas

Ecology 228 (4 decks)

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