Glands (2) Exocrine And Specialised Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Glands (2) Exocrine And Specialised Deck (31)
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1
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands ?

A

1) parotid gland
2) submandibular gland
3) sublingual gland

2
Q

Describe features of the parotid gland ?

A
  • exocrine gland l
  • almost totally serous , very few mucus acini
  • have myoepithelium cells in their compound ducts.
  • their striated ducts have simple columnar epithelium.
3
Q

What is Parotitis

A
  • this is when others is inflammation of one parotid gland which causes very serious pain.
4
Q

Outline features of the submandibular gland ?

A
  • Mainly serous acini , but have more mucus acini than parotid glands.
  • they have two parts
  • striated ducts
  • they are compound glands.
5
Q

Outline one feature of the sublingual gland

A
    • almost totally mucus
6
Q

what stain is required To identify goblet cells?

A

alcian blue stainwhich stains mucins.

7
Q

What are unicellular glands and give an example ?

A

Simplest form of exocrine glands

  • an example would be goblet cells
8
Q

Where are two places in the GI tract are goblet cells found?

A

1) colon

2) jejunum which is the middle segment of the small intestine

9
Q

What controls salivary production ?

A

The neuronal system for example the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic system.

  • PSNS : responsible for serous production , produces large volumes of watery saliva rich in enzymes
  • SNS : produces small thick secretion of mucus
10
Q

what is the largest exocrine gland in the body ?

A

Liver

11
Q

Where does the livers blood supply come from ?

A

1) hepatic portal vein
- deoxygenated blood that comes from the intestine and stomach that is rich in nutrients. The capillary bed is smaller as it is does not have sinusoids.

2) hepatic artery: oxygenated blood.

12
Q

What is the proportion of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood that enters the liver ?

A

Deoxygenated : 70-75%

  • oxygenated blood (20-25%)
13
Q

Wha are the three different types of capillary vessels ?

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusoid

14
Q

What are features of continuous capillary vessels

A

Basement membrane is in tact , endothelial layer is in tact

  • found in the brain and most of the body
15
Q

Describe features of the fenestrated capillary vessels

A
  • found in the small intestine and pituitary gland

- has fenestrations in the endothelium.

16
Q

Describe features of sinusoids

A

They have an incomplete basement membrane and endothelial layer so that whole cells can enter

  • they are found in the liver , spleen and bone marrow
17
Q

What percentage of hepatocytes make up the liver ?

A

85%

18
Q

What are features of hepatocytes?

A
  • binucleated
  • short lifespan (5 months ) , but regenerate quickly
  • highly metabolically active

-

19
Q

What are functions of the hepatocytes?

A
  • protein synthesis
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • detoxification
  • formation and secretion of bile
  • fat metabolism
20
Q

What are functions of kupffer cells ?

A

1) remove any bacteria
2) destroy 120 old red blood cells and that are missed by the spleen. The globin in HB is re used and the haem is broken further into Fe2+ where it is eventually secreted into bile.

21
Q

What are functions of stellate( ito) cells ?

A
  • described as quiescent which means they are only activated when liver is damaged.
  • they store vitamin A.
22
Q

What occurs to stellate cells when the liver is damaged ?

A
  • they turn into their activated state , this is where vitamin A decreases and secretion of collagen scar tissue contributes to cirrhosis.
23
Q

What is one difference between the pancreas and the liver ?

A

In the liver , only one cell executed both endocrine and exocrine functions - this being the hepatocytes.

24
Q

What makes the liver an exocrine gland?

A
  • secretes bile into the bile duct , to the gall bladder.
25
Q

What is 2 roles of bile ?

A

1) emulsifies fats

2) assists vitamin K absorption into the small intestine

26
Q

What makes the liver the largest endocrine gland in the body ?

A
  • main secretion is albumin.
  • And IGF-1 ( insulin like growth factor)
  • IGF1 plays an important role in childhood growth and has anabolic effects in adults
27
Q

Where is the location and function of myoepithelial cells ?

A
  • often found in the terminal acinius of compound glands
  • contain actin and myosin that contract and squeeze the contents of a mucous cell.
  • found in parotid glands , breasts , alveoli , pancreas , liver
28
Q

What does the liver store ?

A

1) vitim8n A in stellate cells
2) glycogen stores
3) copper
4) vitamins k, D, B12
5) iron

29
Q

What does the liver produce ?

A

1) major plasma proteins such as albumin
2) enzymes such as Catalase and coagulation factors
3) lipid Carrier proteins ( goes to other parts of the body to take cholesterol back to liver)
4) amino acids

5) haemopoiesis in the fetus ( production of red blood cells and
platelets ) from week 5 to 32.

6 bile

30
Q

What does the liver destroy?

A

1) drugs
2) hormones

3 red blood cells

4) haemoglobin
5) poisons and toxins

31
Q

What are examples of hormones that the liver modifies for excretion or function?

A

1) progesterone
2) oestrogen
3) thyroxine to T3
4) vitamin D3 to calcitriol