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Tovaroznalectvo > Glass, ceramics, light sources > Flashcards

Glass, ceramics, light sources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is glass ?

A

*An amorphous solid material – in between the crystalline and the liquid state
*Its molecules are arranged in irregular pattern

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2
Q

Pros of glass

A

o Visible transmittance
o Optically transparent
o Weather and rust resistant
o Dustproof and waterproof
o Safe packaging material
o Insulator of eletricity
o Colour availability
o Recyclable
o UV stable

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3
Q

Cons of glass

A

o Brittleness
o Heat transparency
o Fragile

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4
Q

Division of raw materials

A

Major and Minor

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5
Q

Major raw materials

A

 Quartz/silica sand
 Soda ash
 Limestone

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6
Q

Minor raw materials

A

 Dolomite
 Crushed/recycled glass (cullet)
 Boric acid, lead oxide, sodium oxide (to get coloured glass)

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7
Q

History of glass

A

o The first manufactured glass material appeared 6000 years ago
o 1st Century B.C. – glass blowing begins (blow pipe was developed)
o By the 16th Century – glass was made all over Europe

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8
Q

Glass processing steps

A

Fusion of raw materials
Working with molten glass
Annealing
Finishing

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9
Q

Fusion of raw materials

A
  • The raw materials are weighed and mixed together to form the BATCH. Later broken glass is added to lower the temperature. The batch is melted in a furnace.
  • The furnaces are usually electrical, gas-fired, or oil-fired. The temperature varies from 1500°C to 2800°C according to the type of product.
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10
Q

Working with molten glass

A
  • Blowing (automatic blowing – bottles, lamp bulbs, traditional hand blowing)
  • Casting (large pieces of glass – mirror)
  • Drawing (Windows – thin sheets of glass)
  • Pressing (glass bricks, lenses)
  • Rolling (wired and plate glass)
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11
Q

Annealing

A
  • Annealing of glass is a process of slowly cooling down hot glass objects after they have been formed (glass will break when cooled suddenly)
  • In glass manufacturing, a special type of furnace, a Lehr is used for this process
  • Glassware moves through the oven’s zones on a conveyor belt
  • After annealing the glass can be cut, drilled, sized and polished for use
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12
Q

Finishing

A
  • Cleaning
  • Griding
  • Polishing
  • Etching
  • Engraving
  • Sandblasting
  • Cutting
  • Painting
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13
Q

How do we colour glass

A
  • Red colored glass can be obtained by adding selenium sulfide
  • Blue glass can be obtained by adding copper oxide
  • Milky glass can be obtained by adding alumina or phosphate
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14
Q

Types of glass

A
  • According to the melting point
  • According to chemical composition
  • Decorative and technical glass
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15
Q
  • According to the melting point
A

o Soda glass – soft glass - melting temperature of batch is 1300°C, bottles, windows
o Quartz glass – hard glass - melting temperature of batch is 1500°C, wine glasses, electrical bulbs
o Pyrex glass - melting temperature of batch is 1700°C, baking Jena dish, laboratory glass ware

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16
Q
  • According to chemical composition
A

o Silica glass
o Soda-lime glass – bottles
o Flint glass (lead glass) – optical lenses
o Borosilicate glass – glassware in kitchens and laboratories
o Alumo-silicate glass – screen of smartphones

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17
Q
  • Decorative glass
A

o Lead crystal glass – it sparkles, expensive glass ware

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18
Q

Technical glass

A

 Chemical – glassware in laboratories
 Optical – cameras, lenses, glasses
 Building – windows
 Safety – car glass, wired glass
 Glass fibers – surfboardsk, helmets, canoe

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19
Q

Future of glass

A
  • Functional integration of glass that can become an ideal substrate for OLED lighting, touch screens, etc.
  • Bioactive glass – include the original bioactive glass, bioglass, implant materials in the human body to repair and replace diseased or damaged bones
  • Smartphones – bendable glass, scratch resistance
  • Special coatings for buildings: Smart mirrors and highly insulating glass windows
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20
Q

Testing of glass

A
  • Impact testing
  • Thermal schock resistance
  • Physical inspection
  • Stress testing
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21
Q

Origins of ceramics

A

o Word ceramics derives from the Greek word keramos/keramikos, meaning “a potter” or “made of clay”
o One of the oldest human crafts
o The oldest ceramic object discovered is the statue of Venus
o The potter’s wheel has become a tool for creating pottery (Mesopotamia, 6000-4000 BC)

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22
Q

Raw materials (ceramics)

A

o Plastic base
o Fluxes (tavivá)
o Fillers (ostrivá)
o Colours/dyers

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23
Q

Plastic base

A

 Ball clay
 Stoneware clay
 Kaolin

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24
Q

Fluxes

A

 Silica
 Feldspar
 Talc

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25
Fillers
 Limestone  Other
26
Colours/dyers
 Metal oxides
27
Pottery products
o Earthenware o Stoneware o Porcelain
28
Earthenware
 Brown, orange  Are fired at 1000 to 1200 °C
29
Stoneware
 Off white to grey  1100 to 1300°C
30
Porcelain
 White, very brittle  1200 to 1400°C
31
Basic processes (ceramics)
o Preparation of powders o Forming and shaping o Drying o Firing * Finishing processes
32
o Forming and shaping
 Hand-building  Potter’s wheel  Granulates pressing  Injection moulding  3D Printing
33
o Drying
 More stressful than firing  Many varieties of dryers such as band, batch and tunnel, they are used together with eletrical and bottle kilns
34
o Firing
 It undergoes chemical changes
35
* Finishing processes
o Application of glaze o Glost firing o Decoration
36
* Ceramic materials
o Are inorganic, non-metallic materials o Are formed by heating and subsequent cooling
37
o Properties of ceramic materials
 Extreme hardness  Brittleness  Heat and corrosion resistance  High metling temperature  Very good chemical and thermal stability
38
* Types of ceramics
o According to the porosity o According to the usage o According to the assortment o Other classifications
39
o According to the porosity
 Porous ceramics (ball clay, kaolin, bentonite)  Non-porous ceramics (adding feldspar)  Hard ceramics (+ flint, quartz)
40
o According to the usage
 Utility ceramics  Decorative ceramics  Technical ceramics
41
 Utility ceramics
* Products for baking, storing or serving food made mostly of porcelain and pottery
42
 Decorative ceramics
* The emphasis is on the artistic side * Vases, candlesticks, ashtrays * Folk ceramics – jugs, plates for hanging
43
 Technical ceramics
o Building ceramics – bricks, tiles o Chemical stoneware – pumps, pipes, sinks o Sewage ceramics – waste water drainage
44
o According to the assortment
 Whiteware  Redware
45
o Other classifications
 Traditional ceramics  Advanced ceramics
46
 Traditional ceramics
o Pottery o Tableware o Stoneware o Tiles o Bricks o Electrical porcelain
47
 Advanced ceramics
* Developed over the past 60 years * Special type of ceramics – electroceramics (optical, magnetic), nuclear and bioceramics (teeth, bones and joint replacements)
48
* Ceramics in Slovakia
o The inflluence of HABANS (came from Alpine countries) o HABAN faience – a fine glazed earthenware used for ornamental and decorative purposes. o Our territory – 16 – 17th century o MAIOLICA - glazed ceramics with white background
49
o Centres of ceramics in Slovakia:
 Modra – white base glaze, flower ornaments  Sladice – similar to Modra and Haban faience  Ľubietová – brown base glaze, white ornaments  Pozdišovce – black base glaze, typical dance ornaments
50
* Chinese porcelain
o Chinese were far ahead of the rest of the world o JINGDEZHEN – the birthplace of Chinese porcelain, 1000 B.C. (TANG Dynasty) o Greatest development during HAN dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)
51
o Classification of chinese porcelain
 BONE China – lower firing temperature, cow bone ash is used – milky white colour, smoother glaze, more expensive  FINE China – no bone content, heavier in weight, offwhite
52
* Light characteristics
o Intensity o Direction o Polarity o Coherence o Wavelenght o Light travels in form of waves o The amount and type of lighting directly affects our appetite, mood and daily life
53
* Division of light sources
o Natural light sources o Artificial light resources
54
o Natural light sources
 Include sun, stars, fire and electricity in storms  There are animals which can create their own light like fireflies, jellyfish
55
o Artificial light resources
 Are created by humans  Flashlights, table lamps, neon signs and televisions  Most of the light which are man-made need an energy source such as electricity or batteries to produce light * Electrical light source * Spot lights * Surface lights
56
* Electrical light source
o They convert electrical current into visible light
57
* Spot lights
o Allow room lighting to suit individual needs o Bathroom, kitchen
58
* Surface lights
o Street lights o Sodium, LED or mercury vapor lights o Energy efficient, Eco-friendly o Rather expensive
59
 Incandescent light bulbs
* 19th century technology * Inventor – T.A. Edison * Generate light by heating the metal filament * Have been forbidden in EU since 2009
60
 Incandescent light bulbs - advantages
o Low price o Simple o Cheap to manufacture
61
 Incandescent light bulbs - disadvantages
o They often overheat o 90% of energy is wasted o Very low efficiency o Short lifetime (1000 hours) o High electricity consumption
62
* Halogen lamps
o Incandescent lamps that run in higher temperature o The gas inside the bulb is halogen-based (iodine, bromine, xenone) o They have been forbidden in EU since 2018
63
 Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
* Energy-saving lamps * They have 2 electrodes in a glass tube * Use electric current to stimulate mercury vapor inside the lamp
64
 Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) - advantages
o Various colours o Use less energy o Last 8-15 times longer (10 000 hours)
65
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) - disadvantages
o Relatively expensive o Not eco-friendly – contain toxic mercury o Emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation
66
 Discharge lamp (výbojka)
* HID lamps – high intensity discharge lamps * Vapor lamps for lighting large areas, headlights of cars and aircrafts
67
 LED lamps/stripes
* Electric current passes through a semi-conductor * Have tiny crystals of gallium instead of gas and one or mmore light-emitting diodes * Have 50 times longer life (50 000 hours) * Low power consumption * Are available in various colours

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