Glaucoma

Question 1

Pressure pushing lens against iris and closing Schlemm’s canal

Answer 1

intraoccqular pressure (IOP)

Question 2

Only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma

Answer 2

IOP

Question 3

90-95% of all primary glaucoma

Answer 3

primary open-angle (POAG)

Question 4

___ is slowly progressive glaucoma.

Answer 4

primary open-angle (POAG)

Question 5

10% of all primary glaucoma

Answer 5

primary angle closure

Question 6

primary angle closure glaucoma is treated as an ____

Answer 6

emergency

Question 7

MC agents that are used in glaucoma

Answer 7

beta adrenergic blocking agents

Question 8

B blockers acts on beta 2 receptors in the ___ leading to reduction of ___

Answer 8

ciliary processes, aqueous humor production

Question 9

systemic SE’s of beta blockers are decreased by using ___

Answer 9

punctual occlusion. (holding lacrimal duct for 3-5 mins)

Question 10

first line agent for glaucoma unless contraindicated

Answer 10

beta blockers

Question 11

beta blocker that does not lower IOP as much. as other products

Answer 11

betaxolol.

Question 12

gold standard in treatment of glaucoma

Answer 12

timolol solution (timoptic)

Question 13

timolol is ___

Answer 13

nono-selective

Question 14

timolol is a ___ solution and is administered ___

Answer 14

gel-forming; once a day

Question 15

adrenergic agents act on alpha receptors to:

Answer 15

decrease aqueous humor production

Question 16

adrenergic agents act on beta receptors to::

Answer 16

increase in outflow

Question 17

adrenergic agents

Answer 17

epinephrine

dipivefrin

Question 18

side effects of adrenergic agents

Answer 18

systemic: palpitation, tachycardia, HA, anxiety, increased sweating

Question 19

prodrug of epinephrine

Answer 19

dipivefrin

Question 20

dipivefrin is shown to be effective in combo with ___

Answer 20

nonselective betablocker. (more pronounced IOP decrease)

Question 21

purpose of selective alpha-2 agonists

Answer 21

decrease aqueous production

Question 22

alpha2 selectivity prevents release of norepinephrine into the synapse which decreases ___ and increases ___

Answer 22

aqueous humor production; uveoscleral outflow

Question 23

selective alpha2 agonists

Answer 23

apraclonidine

brimonidine

Question 24

selective alpha2 agonists are used ____

Answer 24

in addition to other agents if used at all.

Question 25

S/E of apraclonidine

Answer 25

tachyphylaxis develops rapidly

Question 26

brimonidine can be used alone in patients who are ___

Answer 26

intolerant to beta blockers

Question 27

purpose of cholinergics

Answer 27

stimulation of sphincter pupillae causes miosis physically pulls open meshwork increases outflow

Question 28

cholinergics

Answer 28

pilocarpine Carbachol Ocusert

Question 29

Pilocarpine reduces IOP by

Answer 29

20-30%

Question 30

Ocusert has a slow release ___

Answer 30

delivery system

Question 31

cholinergic bind to enzyme which ___

Answer 31

breaks down endogenous acetylcholine. (cholinesterase inhibitor)

Question 32

anticholinesterases are used only in patients _______

Answer 32

unresponsive or intolerant of other therapies.

Question 33

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit carbonic anhydrase in ____ to decrease ___

Answer 33

ciliary body; aqueous formation by 40-60%

Question 34

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 34

dorzolamide and brinzolamide | acetazolamide

Question 35

dorzolamide and brinzolamide are ___ administerd

Answer 35

topically

Question 36

dorzolamide and brinzolamide reduce IOP by ___

Answer 36

15-26%

Question 37

acetazolamide is administered by ___

Answer 37

PO

Question 38

acetazolamide reduces IOP by ___

Answer 38

25-40%

Question 39

___ has a higher incidence of S/E out of the CAIs

Answer 39

acetazolamide

Question 40

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are 1 of the 3 medications of choice for ___

Answer 40

glaucoma

Question 41

medications of choice for glaucoma

Answer 41

beta blockers prostaglandin F2-alpha analogues CAIs

Question 42

purpose of prostaglandin F2 alpha analogues

Answer 42

increased uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor.

Question 43

side effects of prostaglandin F2

Answer 43

iris pigmentation | eyelash thickening

Question 44

prostaglandin f2 has fewer side effects than ___

Answer 44

timolol

Question 45

prostaglandin f2 decreases IOP similar to ___

Answer 45

BB if not more

Question 46

latanoprost solution dosage

Answer 46

0.005% solution Q24h

Question 47

treatment of angle closure glaucoma

Answer 47

ER | iridectomy is definitive tx