Global Commons/ Antarctica Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Global Governance?

A

International cooperation aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect multiple people, places and governments.

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2
Q

What two processes are associated with TNC’s?

A

Offshoring=moving to developing LIC’s that can be exploited

Outsourcing= giving a contract to another company to complete part of the work eg: Apple= “designed in California”
Assembled by Foxconn in China

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3
Q

Define Glocalisation?

A

Adaption of local products to suit local contexts

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4
Q

Evaluate Global Governance?

A

+Aims to promote stability and growth

  • countries sign up to institutions and laws voluntary
  • can be hard to make capitalist TNC’s comply
  • can cause inequality eg: to get a loan from IMF or World Bank it requires cuts in funding (usually healthcare) and free trade blocks
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5
Q

What is the UN?

A
A global institution- founded in 1945
When countries join they need to sign the UN charter 
-maintain global peace 
-develop relations between nations 
-use cooperation to settle disputes 

+UN peace keeping deals
-inequalities-no African country has a permeant seat at the UN security council

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6
Q

What are the global commons?

A

Areas of the Earth owned by no one country or organisation- shared rights/ resources

ANTARTICA
DEEP OCEANS
ATMOSPHERE
OUTERSPACE

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7
Q

What does the “tragedy of the commons mean”

A

As the commons are shared by everyone, no one person is responsible for problems
= EXPOITED

Industrialisation, Technology increases and increased resource demand all make the Antarctic easy to exploit

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8
Q

Antarctica background Information?

A

The most Southern continent
Surrounded by the Southern Ocean
98% of land area= ice
Antarctic convergence= surface waters of southern ocean sink below sub-Antarctic water= important climatic boundary in terms of air-sea fluxes.

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9
Q

Factors affecting Antarctic climate?

A

Latitude- further from equator= colder
Altitude- higher= colder- 2300 m above sea level
Wind- transatlantic mountains canyon winds
Albedo- white surfaces have a high albedo= reflect more sunlight
Distance from sea- further inland= colder in winter

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10
Q

What did Johan Rockstrom state about GG:

Director of Stockholm Environment Institute

A

“no nation or region can appropriate a larger share of the global commons without transparently reporting all results”

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11
Q

What are the four main threats to Antarctica as a Global Commons?

A

Climate Change - Antarctic peninsula= fastest warming area- 3oc in last 50 years.

Fishing and Whaling- KRILL- omega 3 food supplement= underpin the food web of the Southern Ocean- IUU fishing has increased

Mineral Resources- coal and iron ore in Transatlantic Mountains

Tourism and Research- increases shipping and air travel
Most cruises follow the “LINDBLAD” plan but the summer tourist season coincides with peak wildlife breeding season.

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12
Q

STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?

Evaluate CCAMLR?

A

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Created MPA’s (Marine Protection Areas)
Manages VMA (Vulnerable Marine Areas)

IUU fishing hard to contain, MPA don’t stop but just move the lack of care along the sea

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13
Q

STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?

Evaluate Protocol on Environmental Protocol?

A

(Madrid Protocol/System)
1991- added to Antarctic Treaty

Bans mineral extraction
EIA takes place randomly (Environmental Impact Assessment)

No system to ensure laws/ rules are undertaken
If disputes= encourages International Court of Justice involvement

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14
Q

STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?

Evaluate International Whaling Commission

A

(IWC)
Voluntary Organisation in 1946 dedicated to preserving whale stocks
1940’s established and made SOUTHERN OCEAN WALE SANCTUARY

No authority
Japan still hunt for “scientific” reasons in southern ocean= tensions arise.

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15
Q

STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?

Evaluate Antarctic Treaty System?

A
1959
12 NATIONS 
1. Free access to research 
2.Banned military activity and nuclear bombs 
3.Ban dumbing of nuclear waste 

Bases and equipment can be assessed at any time but checks aren’t constantly reinforced.

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16
Q

What have NGO’s such as Greenpeace undergone in Antarctica?

A

Greenpeace and UN aim to implement the worlds biggest wildlife reserve in the Antarctic and surrounding oceans.
Would stop large scale krill farming: “Licence to Krill: the demand for ‘better’ fish oil”
THE GUARDIAN

17
Q

Name specific impacts of tourism on Antarctica?

A

Approx. 3000 arrivals per year follow the IAATO guidelines.
Creation of waste can occur, especially as tourist numbers rise through an increasingly globalised world.
Sinking of the M/S explorer of the South Shetland Islands in 2007

18
Q

Name ways in which a globalised world has affected Antarctica?

A

Increased awareness of urgency for action within Antarctica eg: Greenpeace
Increased oceanic acidification through increased emissions effects oceanic carbon cycle- loss of marine snails
UN Environment Programme Evaluation- with increased globalisation comes increased danger of irrevocable damage
Controversies involving the “Law of the Sea” within political constructs.

19
Q

What does a lack of “sovereignty” mean?

A

A lack of overall ownership= why the Antarctic Treaty was created

20
Q

What year was the Antarctic treaty created and evaluate the treaty?

A

1959

  • prohibits free access to research
  • prohibits military research
  • bans dumping of nuclear waste

+ve A peaceful global cooperation
Still in place after an access of 50 years
Productive scientific research has been conducted

-ve No legal penalties for going against monetarisms eg: 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection
Decision making by CONCENUS means that not every view will be put into place/ agreed on

21
Q

What year was the IWC created?

A

1946
IWC whaling moratorium= remains in place but is overridden

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22
Q

What wear was the CCAMLR established?

A

1982= Due to overexploitation of marine animals in the 1960/70’s

23
Q

What is the other name of the Protocol on Environment Protection?

A

The Madrid Protocol

24
Q

What was the name of the individual conservationsit who helped in the Antartic?

A

Captain Jaques Yves Cousteau= increased pressures to protect the environment.