Global development Flashcards
(21 cards)
What three ways is development defined in?
Economic - progress in economic growth Eg. How wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology.
Social - improvement in people’s standards of living eg. Better healthcare and access to clean water.
Political - having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society.
What factors affect the level of human development?
Economic - having enough money to provide shelter, food and clothing.
Social - Eg. Education improves people’s job choice and good sanitation increases life expectancy.
Technological - new technology can help other aspects of development eg. By improving education, health care and food security. Increasing access to mobile phones and the internet means people are more connected and have more information available.
Cultural - eg. In some cultures, it is traditional for women to stay at home and not work. This can hold back development as there is less household income and more inequality between men and women.
Food security - whether people are able to eat enough nutritious food to stay healthy and active.
Water security - whether their is a reliable and sustainable source of good quality water to meet everyone’s needs - for industry, agriculture and personal health.
What is GDP (per capita)?
Gross domestic product (GDP) - the total value of goods and services a country produces in the year. A measure of wealth. As a country develops the GDP gets higher.
GDP per capita - the GDP divided by the populations of the country.
What is the gender inequality index?
Gender inequality index - a numaber that’s calculated using data eg. Women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the score, the more inequality. As a country develops, the number gets lower.
What is the human development index (HDI)?
A number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level (years in education), and GDP per capita.
What is the corruption perceptions index (CPI)
A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector in a scale of 1-100.
What levels of development are there:
Developed countries eg. The UK, a very high levels of development.
Emerging countries eg. India, have medium to high levels of development.
Developing countries eg. Chad, have low human development.
The level of development also varies within countries
How do physical factors cause uneven development?
If a country has a poor climate (really hot or cold) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition and a poorer quality of life. People also have fewer crops to sell, so less omen to spend of goods and services.
Countries with few raw materials tend to make less money because they’ve got fewer products it sell. This means that there is less to spend on development.
Countries that have lots of natural disasters have to sound a lot of money rebuilding as disasters occur so there less money to spend on development.
How do historic factors cause uneven development?
Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised.
European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufacture goods. This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependent in Europe and led to famine.
How do economic factors cause uneven development?
Trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. If a country has poor trade links it won’t make a lot of money, so there’ll be less to spend in development.
Very poor countries borrow ones from other countries and international organisations, which leads to debt. Any money a country makes is used to pay back the debt, so it isn’t used to develop.
Countries that mostly export primary products (raw materials eg. wood, metal and stone) tend to be less developed. This is because you don’t make much profit by selling primary products. Their prices also fluctuate - sometimes the price falls below the cost of production. This means that people don’t make much money, so the government has less to spend on the development.
What are examples of the impacts of uneven development in the uk?
Unemployment - unemployment is highest in the northeast England and lowest in the southeast.
Life expectancy - generally people’s living in southern England are healthier than people living in northern England and Scotland.
Education - GCSE results are generally better in the south of England the the midlands or the north.
How have physical factors affected the north-south divide?
The north and west of the uk are more mountainous and have a colder, wetter climate than the south.
This makes farming less productive.
It also makes it more difficult to develop infrastructure such as roads and railways.
This means it is more expensive and more time-consuming to transport goods and people to these locations, so there are fewer industries and fewer jobs available.
Do historic factors affect the north-south divide?
London gets lots of investment in infrastructure and services because it is in the uk’s capital city.
This has had positive knock-in effects on the surrounding regions eg. The south east.
The decline in heavy industry (de-industrialisation) has had a greater negative impact on the north of the uk, but the growth of the post-industrial service industry has mostly benefited the south.
How have economic factors affected the north-south divide?
South regions of the UK have better transport links to mainland England and the rest of the world.
London has become a global financial centre. It has about four times as many jobs as any other city in the UK and the highest average income in the country - mostly due to high paying finance jobs.
What are the effects of uneven development?
Housing
Technology
Employment
Health
Water security
How is housing affected by uneven development?
People may not be able to afford to buy a house although there may not be enough houses for everyone - they may have to build their own house from scrap materials eg. In slums.
Slum housing often has no formal access to services, leading to a poor quality of life.
A lack of building regulations in less developed countries can lead to poor quality housing. In areas prone to natural disasters, houses mat collapse or will be swept away in landslides or floods.
How is technology affected by uneven development?
Uneven development means that some countries have better access to new technology than others.
People in poor countries may not be able to afford new farm machinery or fertilisers. This can lead to lower yields and food insecurity.
How are people’s health affected by uneven development?
In some less developed countries, lack of clean water and poor healthcare means that people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera. This leads to lower life expectancies.
It is also easier for wealthy people to get access to healthcare and healthy food.
Infant mortality is also much higher in less developed countries.
How is water security affected by uneven development?
There may be limited formal supply of water in developing countries.
Where water is scarce, supplies of clean water can become polluted by sewage, industrial chemicals or nitrogen from fertilisers.
Some diseases eg. Cholera are passed in contaminated water.
Poor people may have to walk distances to collect water very day.
How is food security affected by uneven development?
People in poorer countries may not get enough to eat which can lead to malnutrition, starvation and death.
Pressure to grow enough to eat can also lead to soil erosion, so the land becomes less fertile and it is harder to produce food. A shortage of food can lead to rising prices so people are unable to feed themselves properly.
How Is education affected by uneven development?
Less developed countries can’t afford to invest as much in education as developed countries.
People may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work to support their families instead of attending schools.
Lack of education means people can not get better Paid and more skilled jobs in the future.
