Global Development 20 Marker Paragraphs Flashcards
1
Q
Aid: The Debt Crisis
A
Content:
- Financial crash in 1970’s/80’s meant that Developing countries (such as Tanzania) could not pay back their loans
- Created HIPCs (Highly Indebted Countries)
- Developing countries take on IMF / World Bank economic policies in exchange for loan
Evaluation:
- “Moral hazard”
- Neocolonialism: forced to adopt western, capitalist economies.
- Seagar and Lewis (2007): Private companies got rich at the expense of all involved
2
Q
Aid: Debt / Aid Cycle
A
Content:
- Marxist perspective on aid
- LEDCs misspend Aid money
- This leads to trade sanctions, war, etc.
- Rich get richer; no “trickle down” effect
Evaluation:
- Paul Collier
- Over the last 30 years, Aid from the west has statistically decreased poverty in developing countries
3
Q
Aid: Arguments for Aid
A
Content:
- Sachs (2005)
- Argued for a big push of large-scale, focused and integrated aid to lift developing countries out of poverty
Evaluation:
- Dambissa Moyo: “dead aid”
- Aid makes “good leaders bad and bad leaders worse”
- Encourages corruption
4
Q
Aid: Samura’s Criticisms
A
Content:
- Undemocratic governments wasting aid
- Aid often used to strengthen armed forces
- Projects chosen without good research
- Foreign ‘experts’ don’t listen to locals needs
Evaluation:
- Case study or Ireland’s success at focused, integrated aid in Ethiopia
5
Q
Trade: Importance of Trade
A
Content:
- Coyle (2001): International trade has replaced internal supply of goods at an ever increasing rate
- Developed countries do the most trade
- Modernisation theory: developing countries should follow in their footsteps
- Parsons: evolution theory
Evaluation:
- Supply chain
- The higher up the supply chain you are the more power you have
- Producers are lucky to earn 10% of the final profit
- Dependency theorists: demonstrates inequality of opportunity
6
Q
Trade: Global Trade Risks
A
Content:
- Supply and demand
- Competition
- Politics and fashions vary
Evaluation:
- Supporting case study: cocoa farming in Ghana
- Once produced a third of the world’s cocoa
- When demand for cocoa decreased both the country and individual cocoa farmers were impacted
7
Q
Industrialisation: Modernisation Perspective
A
Content:
- Industrialisation follows the western model to development
- Rostows model
Evaluation:
- Dependency theorists believe that colonialism has made it impossible for developing countries to follow in western countries footprints.
- Legacy of colonialism
- Chang (2003): “kicking away the ladder”
8
Q
Urbanisation: Parsons
A
Content:
- Barriers to development
- Industrialisation / Urbanisation represents developing countries overcoming these barriers
- Cities provide a labour force that is essential for development
Evaluation:
- Case study of Manila
- Poor healthcare and education
- Little to no access to clean water and sanitation
- Culture clash
9
Q
Environment: Neoliberal Perspective
A
Content:
- See solutions in the extension of the free market
- Capitalism will generate solutions to save the environment
Evaluation:
- Dependency theorists
- The wealthiest people need to curb their high levels of consumerism
- Neoliberal policies have made sustainable change harder to achieve (e.g. more unaccountable TNCs)
10
Q
Environment: Malthusian Perspective
A
Content:
- Concerned by implications on the environment due to population growth
- Poor people in LICs are damaging the environment
- Population growth in LICs putting pressure on marginal land which will lead to problems such as desertification
Evaluation:
- Anti-Malthusians
- The people who cause the most damage to the environment are the wealthiest people
- They consume far more resources than poor people in LICs
- And the exploitation of resources within developing countries is for the west
11
Q
Trade: World Trade Organisations
A
Content:
- Aims to set and enforce rules for international trade
- Strives for equality / fairness within international trade
Evaluation:
- Countries with money can cheat the system
- Most of the WTOs funding comes from the USA
- Trade increases LEDCs and LLEDCs dependency on western countries
12
Q
War and Conflict: Economic Damage
A
Content:
- Wars are expensive and impact living standards
- Damage to infrastructure
- Debt, unemployment, etc.
- Link to Six Boomerangs theory
Evaluation:
- Conflict, such as anti-government protests, can remove a corrupt regime and bring in better, more democratic governments.
- Arab Spring of 2011
13
Q
War and Conflict: Disease and Environmental Damage
A
Content:
- Kaldor (2007): Disease spreads rapidly in war zones and post-conflict situations, especially in refugee camps.
- Environmental damage: exploded mines, heavy artillery and chemical weaponry
Evaluation:
- The end of conflicts often attract investment from NGOs
- IGOs often oversee reconstruction in exchange for a lot of lucrative contracts
14
Q
War and Conflict: Dependency Theory (PERIL)
A
Content:
- Western interference can lead to conflict
- Legacy of colonialism
