Global Evaluation / History of Nursing Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
Instinctive or untaught; largely based on common sense based on effects of past experience, not based on scientific training or formal education.
A
INTUITIVE
2
Q
Who acts as custodian or nurse in nomadic tribes?
A
Women
Note: Nomadic means moving from place to place and not having a permanent home.
3
Q
IN INTUITIVE NURSING,
This is caused by evil invasion like voodoo or black magic.
A
Illness
4
Q
What do you call the witch doctor/ medicine man in intuitive nursing?
A
Shaman
5
Q
In Intuitive Nursing, healing power is also called as?
A
White magic
6
Q
What do you call the ff procedures?
- Hypnosis
- Charms
- Dances
- Incantations
- Purgatives
- Massage
- Fire
- Water
- Herbs and other vegetations
- Use of animals to drive away illness
A
Shamanistic or folk healing procedures
7
Q
This is where hole is drilled in the skull via rock or stone without anesthesia.
A
Trephination
8
Q
Where did the roots of Western civilization originate?
A
The Near East
9
Q
What countries are included in Nursing in the Near East?
A
Babylonia and Egypt
10
Q
What three major religions were born in the Near East?
A
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Mohammedanism
11
Q
What was Babylonia known as in the Near East?
A
“The Metropolis of the Near East”
Note:
Babylonia was called the “Metropolis of the Near East” because it was a center of civilization, culture, trade, and governance in ancient Mesopotamia.
Leading city
12
Q
Who was the ruler of Babylonia from 1945 B.C. to 1902 B.C.?
A
King Hammurabi
13
Q
A set of laws created by King Hammurabi of Babylonia (ruler from 1945 B.C. to 1902 B.C.). It is one of the earliest known legal codes and covered various aspects of society, including medicine.
A
Code of Hammurabi
Notes:
Key Points Related to Medicine in the Code of Hammurabi
- Practice of Medicine
- Fees
- Discouraged experimentation
- Specialty for diseases
- Gave patients the right to choose their treatment (charms, drugs, or surgery).
- Had strict penalties for medical mistakes (e.g., if a doctor caused harm, they could be punished severely).
- No mention of Nursing
14
Q
When was Babylonia excavated?
A
1849
Note:
- “Excavated in 1849” means that the ruins or artifacts related to Babylonia, including the Code of Hammurabi, were discovered by archaeologists in the year 1849.
- No mention of Nursing on Code of Hammurabi
15
Q
What medical practice in Egypt was significant for preserving bodies?
A
Embalming
Note:
- This is the process of preserving a dead body to prevent decomposition by removal of organs, drying, wrapping the body, and rituals.
- They believed in life after death and wanted to preserve the body for the afterlife.
- It was part of their religious practices to ensure the soul (Ka) could recognize its body.
16
Q
How many diseases were recorded in ancient Egyptian medical history?
A
250 diseases
17
Q
Was nursing mentioned in ancient Egyptian records?
A
No, there was still no mention of nursing.
18
Q
What countries are included in Nursing in the Far East?
A
China and India
19
Q
What did ancient Chinese people believe that caused illnesses?
A
Spirits and demons
20
Q
What did ancient China prohibited due to religious and spiritual beliefs?
A
Prohibited dissection of human body
21
Q
What is the term for ancient Chinese pharmacology?
A
Materia Medica
22
Q
It refers to the body of knowledge about medicinal substances used in the treatment of diseases. It is an early form of pharmacology, documenting the properties, uses, and effects of various natural remedies.
A
Materia Medica
Note:
- It was a systematic record of medicinal herbs, minerals, and animal-based treatments.
- Used for treating wounds, infections, and muscular ailments.
- Based on traditional beliefs about the balance of yin and yang and the five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water).
23
Q
What medical treatments were prescribed in ancient China?
A
Methods for treating wounds, infections, and muscular afflictions
24
Q
Was nursing formally mentioned in ancient Chinese records?
A
No, but it was presumed that females were in charge of nursing the sick.
25
Who built hospitals in ancient India?
Men of medicine
26
Even though Ancient Indian Healers doesn't have any modern understanding of Bacteria and Viruses, they are already practicing what?
**Intuitive form of Asepsis**
Note:
This includes using clean water, washing our hands, using medicinal herbs and natural disinfectants.
27
In which medical fields were ancient Indian practitioners proficient?
**Medicine and Surgery**
Note:
* Indian physicians were pioneers in many medical fields, especially surgeries. They had detailed knowledge of anatomy and were skilled in surgeries, lalo na yung mga surgeries na need ng precision.
28
Who were the first recorded nurses in ancient India?
**Lay brothers or the priest-nurses**
Note:
* Unlike in other civilizations where women primarily cared for the sick, India's early nurses were actually male priests. These lay brothers (religious men) took care of the sick as part of their religious duty. Katulad ng massage, physical therapy, and even cooking for the patients.
29
He was an ancient Indian Physician who, around 200–300 B.C., **wrote about the functions and qualifications of priest-nurses.**
**Sushurutu / Susruta**
30
How did Sushruta describe priest-nurses?
As a combination of **pharmacists, masseurs, physical therapists, and cooks.**
31
This contributed to the decline of medical practice when the religion itself fell in this era?
**Buddhism**
Reasons for the Decline of Medical Practice Due to Buddhism:
* Buddhism promotes non-violence (Ahimsa), which discouraged procedures that involved cutting or harming the body, such as surgery.
* As Buddhism emphasized spiritual healing, some people started relying more on prayers, rituals, and meditation rather than medical treatments.
* As Hinduism and other religious movements regained dominance, Buddhist institutions weakened.
32
What country is included in Nursing in the Ancient Greece?
Greece
33
Who was responsible for nursing in ancient Greece?
Untrained slave
34
In Ancient Greek Society, they were considered inferior to men & were made to stay at the background to do house chores and care for the sick.
Women
35
Who is the **"Father of Medicine"** in Greek Mythology?
Aesculapius
36
This could be traced in Greek mythology but developed into an official insignia (sign; **symbol of identity of the medical profession today**)
**Caduceus**
It is composed of the staff of travelers intertwined with 2 serpents and wings of Hermes or Mercury located at the Apex of the staff.
37
*Caduceus is the symbol of medical profession*. What does the **staff of travelers, intertwined with 2 serpents (snake) symbolizes**?
Symbol of Aesculapius and his healing power
38
* *Caduceus is the symbol of medical profession*. What does the **wings of Hermes or Mercury located at the Apex of the staff symbolizes**?
**Symbol of speed** or **speed of healing**
39
He is born in Greece in 460 BC and is given the title **"Father of Medicine"** due to his notable contributions to medical practice (in reality, not in mythology).
Who is this?
Hippocrates
40
What were Hippocrates' contributions to medicine?
* Developed a **philosophy of medicine** and practice **medical ethics**.
* Rejected the belief that the origin of disease could be found in the supernatural.
* Did not entrust care of the sick to untrained lay persons but to medical student. (But still role of nurses wasn't mentioned)
41
Rome – Transition from Pagan to Christian Philosophy
**How did Romans view illness?**
As a sign of **weakness**
42
Who primarily cared for the sick in ancient Rome?
**Slaves and Greek physicians**, as both are considered inferior in Roman society.
43
What effect did Christianity have on medical care in Rome?
Some Romans converted to Christianity, **abandoned their pleasure-seeking lifestyle**, and **began to care for the sick.**
44
A Roman noblewoman who converted to Christianity and dedicated herself to caring for the sick.
Fabiola
45
Refers to an early system of nursing in which **individuals provided care under the supervision of more experienced nurses.**
**Apprentice Nursing**
Note:
* This period marked the **beginning of organized nursing**, but it lacked formal education. Instead, nurses learned through hands-on experience, similar to an apprenticeship in other trades.
46
Where did apprentice nursing originate?
It was attributed to the religious orders of the Christian Church.
47
IN APPRENTICE NURSING
During this time, nursing was largely influenced by what?
**Religious orders of the Christian Church**
Note:
* Since hospitals were mostly founded by religious groups, the church played a crucial role in training and organizing nurses. This is why many early nurses were members of religious communities.
48
IN APPRENTICE NURSING
Unlike modern nursing, where formal education and certification are required, nurses during the apprentice period learned directly from what?
**experienced caregivers**
Note:
* This means that their knowledge and skills were passed down through observation and practice, rather than structured classroom instruction.
49
IN APPRENTICE NURSING
In what three settings was organized nursing found?
**Military, secular, and mendicant (begging) orders.**
* *Military Nursing:* Provided care for wounded soldiers during battles.
* *Secular Nursing:* Took place in non-religious institutions, including community care centers.
* *Mendicant or Begging Orders:* Groups of religious people who lived in poverty and traveled to care for the sick, often depending on charity.
50
Were considered as "Holy Wars" during which the Christian soldiers fought to re-capture the Holy Land from the Moslems.
Crusades
51
This were founded during Crusades in order to establish hospitals staffed with men who served as nurses for those who were wounded in the war.
Military religious orders
52
Fought in the battlefield and after every fight would retire to nurse the wounded.
**Knights of St. John of Jerusalem** (Rhodes, Malta) & **Teutonic Knights**
Note: This is also called as Knights Hospitaller
53
Knights who established their hospitals primarily for nursing of the lepers.
**Knights of Saint Lazarus**
Note:
* They established *special hospitals* dedicated to treating *leprosy*, a highly contagious and stigmatized disease in medieval times.
* Their work was significant because lepers were often isolated from society, and *these knights provided them with care and shelter.*
54
The ________ were a **religious nursing order** founded in **1348** during the time of the **Black Death (Bubonic Plague)**. They were dedicated to caring for the sick, especially those who were poor, dying, or suffering from contagious diseases.
Alexian Brothers
55
When were the Alexian Brothers founded?
1348
56
The Alexian Brothers established the ___________ in Chicago which was the largest school of nursing under religious auspices operated exclusively for men in the U.S.
Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing
57
The Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago closed on what year?
1969
58
Who founded religious nursing orders?
Queens, princesses, and royal ladies
59
**Name some religious nursing orders founded before the Reformation.**
The Reformation was a major change in Christianity during the 1500s when people protested against the Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches.
* Augustinians
* Poor Clares
* Beguines
* Benedictines
* Ursulines
* Tertiaries of St. Francis and St. Dominic
Note: Tertiaries are lay people who were affiliates of the religious.
60
A hospital where Augustinian nurses cared for patients.
**Hotel Dieu** in Paris
61
UNDER HOTEL DIEU IN PARIS
What were the conditions in hospitals like at that time?
* Poorly ventilated
* Mattresses were hard and cleaned only 3x a year
* Beds were shared by 2 or 3 patients
* Laundry was done by nurses, linens were sometimes washed in the nearby river
62
What arose in the 12th to 16th centuries?
Nursing Saints
63
WHO IS THIS?
* Founder of the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi.
* Took care of the sick particularly the lepers in the convent of San Damiano.
St. Clare of Assisi
64
WHO IS THIS?
* The first to be called the **"Lady with a Lamp"**.
* Nursed patients in the hospital of Santa Maria de la Scala and in their homes.
St. Catherine of Sienna
65
What major event happened in 1347 that St. Catherine of Sienna helped during?
The **Bubonic Plague** struck Siena, and she continued to care for victims.
66
In the RISE OF ORGANIZED CHARITY, who are the significant people included?
* Vincent De Paul
* Louise De Gras (nee de Marillac)
67
WHO IS THIS?
* He organized the works of charity so as they could have directions.
* Founder of **"The Community of the Sisters of Charity"** who were dedicated to serving God in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed.
Vincent De Paul
68
Vincent De Paul organized a group of women and then named them __________?
**LA CHARITE**
"La Charité" was a group of women dedicated to helping the sick, poor, orphans, and widows through organized charity work.
69
Who co-founded the **Daughters of Charity** and played a major role in training women for nursing care?
**Louise De Gras** or **Louise De Marillac**
Note:
* She co-founded the Daughters of Charity with Vincent de Paul and trained women to care for the sick and poor.
70
IN THE REFORMATION
* Who was the **head of the Reformation Movement** that initiates the significant changes in the church and society to counteract abuses?
**Martin Luther**
Note:
* This became an era that gave rise to some violent conflicts.
71
What was one major religious outcome of the Reformation?
Contributed to the rise of **Protestantism**
Note:
* This leads to various Christian denominations, both Protestant and Catholic, serving as volunteers to care for the sick.
72
This is a movement that encouraged a virtuous Christian life but **discouraged violent conflicts.** ; upheld some of the changes initiated by Martin Luther.
**The Counter-Reformation**
Note:
* This focuses on peaceful means of change through prayers and witnessing to a life of sacrifice.
73
Which prominent figures were known for their dedication to service during the Counter-Reformation?
The ff were known for their service to society, especially in caring for the sick:
* St. **I**gnatius of Loyola
* St. **F**rancis of Assisi
* St. **C**laire of Assisi
* St. **C**atherine of Sienna
*REMEMBER THE ACRONYM **IFCC***
74
What is the difference between **Reformation** and **Counter-Reformation**?
**Reformation (Change in the Church)**
* Started by Martin Luther because he saw problems in the Catholic Church (corruption, selling forgiveness, etc.).
* People broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian groups (Protestants).
* Some conflicts happened between Catholics and Protestants.
**Counter-Reformation (Catholic Church’s Response)**
* The Catholic Church tried to fix its problems but wanted people to stay Catholic.
* Instead of fighting, they encouraged prayer, good works, and education to spread their beliefs.
* Some Catholic leaders, like St. Ignatius of Loyola, worked to bring people back to Catholicism.
***Easy way to remember:***
* **Reformation** = Protestants breaking away from the Catholic Church.
* **Counter-Reformation** = The Catholic Church fixing itself to keep people from leaving.
75
What was the Renaissance also known as?
Rebirth
76
IN RENAISSANCE
* There is a rise of progress in arts and culture but NOT in moral and religious values.
TRUE OR FALSE
**TRUE**
77
IN RENAISSANCE
* Society was filled with thieves due to social advantages.
TRUE OR FALSE
**FALSE**
Note:
* Society was filled with thieves due to social **deprivations**.
EXPLAIN:
* While creativity and knowledge flourished, society faced severe social inequalities, leading to widespread poverty and crime. Many people, especially the poor, resorted to theft and other unlawful activities just to survive.
78
IN RENAISSANCE
* Care of the sick was entrusted to those who were proven guilty of a crime of theft.
TRUE OR FALSE
**TRUE**
Note:
* As a result of these social issues, criminals—particularly those convicted of theft—were assigned to care for the sick as a form of punishment. However, instead of improving the quality of healthcare, this practice led to even worse conditions.
79
IN RENAISSANCE
* Care takers were given humane facilities like food and quarters, so all the more they got buried into evil deeds like stealing the patient's foods, accepting bribes, etc.
TRUE OR FALSE
**FALSE**
Note:
* Care takers were **not** given humane facilities like food and quarters, so all the more they got buried into evil deeds like stealing the patient's foods, accepting bribes, etc.
Explain:
* These caretakers were not provided with basic necessities such as food, proper living quarters, or fair wages. This lack of humane treatment drove them further into unethical behaviors, such as stealing from patients, neglecting their duties, and accepting bribes.
80
The 17th and 19th centuries of Renaissance were considered to be the __________ of society.
What is this?
**DARK AGE** of Society
EXPLAIN:
* The care given to the sick was poor and often harmful, as those assigned to nursing had no proper training or ethical guidance. Instead of being a profession rooted in compassion and skill, nursing during this period became associated with corruption, neglect, and suffering.
81
Which writer depicted the inhumane conditions of caretakers during the Renaissance?
Charles Dickens
82
What novel did Charles Dickens write that illustrated the poor conditions of caretakers?
Martin Chuzzlewit
83
Who were the two characters in Martin Chuzzlewit that portrayed corrupt caretakers?
**Sairey (Sarah) Gamp** and **Betzy Praeg** (Prig, Prog)
84
What roles did Sairey Gamp and Betzy Praeg play in Martin Chuzzlewit?
They portrayed the roles of such thieves who were given the task of taking care of the sick as a form of punishment.
85
What do you call the **Bethlehem Hospital in London**, where tickets were sold to the public to view the insane, highlighting the lack of compassion in mental health care?
BEDLAM
86
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REFORMS IN NURSING
* Who became convinced of the need for training nurses?
Doctors
87
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REFORMS IN NURSING
* _______ were prepared, but those sent for training did not know how to read.
**Books**
Note:
* Doctors recognized the need for trained nurses, leading to the development of books and training programs, though early trainees often couldn't read.
88
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REFORMS IN NURSING
* What groups established nursing orders?
Protestant and Catholic groups
89
What was the first organized nursing school, and where was it located?
The **Deaconess School of Nursing** at Kaiserswerth, Germany, established in 1836.
90
Who founded the Deaconess School of Nursing?
**Pastors Theodore Fliedner and his wife Fredericke Munster Fliedner**
Note: They started with only 6 students
91
What were the two **"firsts"** introduced by the Deaconess School of Nursing?
* Rotating a 3 year experience in cooking and housekeeping, laundry and linen and nursing care in the women's and men's wards.
* Preliminary or probationary 3 month period of trial and error for both school and student.
92
In the Deaconess School of Nursing,
* It was here that ___________ received some of her training and the inspiration for the establishment of her school in nursing.
Who is this?
Florence Nightingale
93
NURSING IN THE NEW WORLD
WHO IS THIS?
* First laywoman who worked as a nurse on the North American continent.
* Founder of the **Hotel Dieu of Montreal** in October 1644.
Jeanne Mance
94
IN PRE-CIVIL WAR NURSING
Who founded the Sisters of Charity of Emmitsburg, Maryland, in 1809?
Mrs. Elizabeth Seton
95
IN AMERICAN REFORMS IN NURSING
* The nurse society of Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of ______________ in 1839.
Dr. Joseph Warrington
96
IN AMERICAN REFORMS IN NURSING
* Nurses were trained on the job and attended some courses with the medical students at the ____________.
Philadelphia Dispensary
97
IN AMERICAN REFORMS IN NURSING
* Upon completion of the course (Nurses who attended at Philadelphia Dispensary), they were given a "_________".
Certificate of Approbation
98
IN AMERICAN REFORMS IN NURSING
* It established a 6-month course in Nursing (medical surgical nursing, materia medica, dietetics), upon completion, they were given a diploma.
Women's Hospital in Philadelphia
99
NURSING DURING CIVIL WAR
* She is not a nurse but is appointed as Superintendent of Female Volunteer nurses to take care of the wounded for US government.
Dorothea Lynde Dix
100
NURSING DURING CIVIL WAR
Among the volunteers who became popular later on were:
* **An author**
WHO IS THIS?
Louisa May Alcott
101
NURSING DURING CIVIL WAR
Among the volunteers who became popular later on were:
* **A poet**
WHO IS THIS?
Walt Whitman
102
NURSING DURING CIVIL WAR
Among the volunteers who became popular later on were:
* **Founder of the American Red Cross**
WHO IS THIS?
Clara Barton
103
NURSING DURING CIVIL WAR
Among the volunteers who became popular later on were:
* **Humanitarian**
WHO IS THIS?
Mary Ann Bickerdyke
104
IN EDUCATED NURSING
* When and where was Florence Nightingale born?
Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
105
When was the cornerstone of nursing in England laid?
June 15, 1860
106
How many probationers entered St. Thomas Hospital in London to establish the Nightingale system of Nursing which enabled young women from upper class English society to enter the profession of Nursing?
15
107
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
What was the Nightingale System of Nursing? (main features)
* Decent living quarters for students
* Paid nurse instructors (by school and hospital)
* Correlation of theory and practice
* Students taught "why" and not just "how"
108
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
What were the limitations of the Nightingale System?
* Did not accept new scientific discoveries
* Ignored bacteriologic research and germ theory
* Believed disease could be eliminated by cleanliness alone
109
When did Florence Nightingale die, and how old was she?
She died in **1910** at the age of **90**.
110
Name three notable writings of Florence Nightingale.
* Notes on Matters Affecting the Health and Efficiency of the British Army (NMAHEBA)
* Notes on Nursing
* Notes on Hospitals
111
What is believed to be the origin of the nurses' pin?
Florence Nightingale's Brooch
112
The Florence Nightingale's Brooch is designed by _______?
**Prince Albert**, husband of Queen Victoria of England
NOTE:
* This is awarded to Florence Nightingale as a medal or mark of esteem and gratitude for her devotion towards the Queen's brave soldiers in Crimea.
113
What was the design of Florence Nightingale’s brooch?
* **St. George's cross** in red enamel
* **Diamond crown on top**
* Bears the words **"Crimea"** and **"Blessed are the Merciful"**
114
Who was the first graduate nurse in the U.S.?
Linda Richards
115
When did Linda Richards graduated as nurse?
September 1, 1873
116
At what age did Linda Richards completed a 1-year course in Nursing at the New England Hospital for Women and Children at Boston, Massachusetts (1872-1873)?
32 years old
117
What were the **first three early nursing schools in the U.S.** (1873)?
* Bellevue Training School for Nurses (NY)
* Connecticut Training School (New Haven)
* Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston)
118
Who introduced the first nurses' uniform in the U.S.?
**first batch of nursing students at Bellevue Training School in New York**
Note:
* The first batch of nursing students at Bellevue Training School in New York came up with the idea of a standardized nurses’ uniform. However, **a similar uniform already existed at St. Thomas School of Nursing**, which was founded by Florence Nightingale in London.
119
The Bellevue students based their design on a dress worn by ____________, a wealthy New York socialite who was also one of the first nursing students in the U.S. This dress became the model for early nursing uniforms.
Euphemia Van Rensselaer
120
What did the first nurses’ uniform look like?
* Blue and white striped seersucker fabric
* Leg-o-mutton sleeves
* Trailing skirts
* White apron, collar, cuffs, and cap
121
A ________ symbolized the saying that **"what people wear on their heads can set them apart"**.
**Cap**
Note:
* This date back to early times when a woman's humility and obedience were denoted by the veil she wore on her head; it has a sacred connotation of commitment, purity, dignity, and other virtues.
122
IN LATER SCHOOL OF NURSING
* When was John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing established?
1889
123
Who was the first principal of Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing?
Isabel Hampton Robb
124
Who was appointed as an **operating room supervisor** in John Hopkins Hospital School Of Nursing?
She developed **dermatitis** due to surgical disinfectants.
Caroline Hampton
125
He ordered some **rubber gloves** from the **Good year Rubber Company** to help Caroline Hampton with her dermatitis, and this believed to be the beginning of operating room gloves seen nowadays.
Dr. William Halstead
126
In what year did the groundwork for the establishment of 2 nursing organizations laid at the Chicago's World Fair?
1893
127
What did the **Associated Alumnae** organization later become in 1911?
**American Nurses' Association**
128
What did **The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses** later become in 1912?
National League for Nursing Education (NLNE)
129
Who helped organize and develop both the **American Nurses' Association** (ANA) and **National League for Nursing Education** (NLNE)?
**Isabel Hampton Robb** or **Isabel H. Robb**
130
A nurse from East Orange, New Jersey, who served patients with **malaria** and **yellow fever** during the Spanish-American War.
Clara Louise Maas
131
On what year frame did the development of other nursing services expanded aside from hospital service, private duty, public health, school, government, material, etc?
1900 - 1912
132
A period when **college and postgraduate nursing education programs** were developed.
Age of Specialization
133
What major nursing standardization took place between 1913–1937?
**Standard curriculum and textbooks** were established.
134
During World War I, which organization helped nurses?
The **National Red Cross**
135
Who managed the National Red Cross that assisted the nurses during World War I?
Jane Delano
136
When did the National Red Cross was founded?
Founded in **1917**
137
What was the impact of the **Great Depression** on nursing?
The financial crisis on **October 29, 1929 (Black Friday)** led to an **increase in unemployed nurses**, pushing many into military nursing roles.
138
What are **two global organizations** that influence contemporary nursing which play key roles in shaping healthcare policies, nursing standards, and global health initiatives?
The **United Nations (UN)** and the **World Health Organization (WHO)**
139
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
How has **scientific and technical research** impacted nursing?
Advances in **scientific and technical research** have improved **diagnostic and therapeutic agents**, leading to better patient care, treatment options, and nursing practices.
140
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
What modern innovations have influenced contemporary nursing?
* Atomic Energy
* Computers
* Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents
* Space Medicine
141
ANCIENT AND EARLY CARE OF THE SICK IN THE PHILIPPINES
The early life of the Filipinos had been mixed with _____________. Some of these beliefs continue persisting in some rural areas of the country. These beliefs affect the health and sickness of the people. Sometimes, this makes the work of health workers difficult for they do not combat only disease and unsanitary conditions but they must also overcome these beliefs which may sometimes be dangerous to clients. Though the traditional approaches have been approved and recognized as healing and scientific, some clients should still be guided against certain hazardous practices and beliefs.
Superstitious beliefs
142
SUPERSTITION EXAMPLE:
* Any person afflicted with the disease with unknown cause was under the spell of ____________.
Witchcraft
143
SUPERSTITION EXAMPLE:
* Presence of ____________.
herbolarios
144
SUPERSTITION EXAMPLE:
* Presence of manggagaway or ____________.
mangkukulam
145
SUPERSTITION EXAMPLE:
* ________ watching a pregnant mother.
Aswang
146
SUPERSTITION EXAMPLE:
* Superstitious beliefs affecting _____________; dressing the cord with ashes, tobacco, sand, powder, coconut, tight bond around the waist of a pregnant mother.
childbirth and child care
147
SUPERSTITION EXAMPLE:
* The first milk of the mother called _________ was supposed to be unfit food for the newborn hence, the milk should be pumped out and thrown away.
colostrum
148
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
Some hospitals in 15th century were established by the religious and by the Spanish administrators for their nationals, especially for the soldiers.
The _______________ is the one responsible for the establishment of these hospitals.
The religious men (Hospitaller) did the nursing care of the sick. They were assisted by Filipino attendant whom they instructed in the art of caring of the sick.
Franciscan order
149
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
What do you call the **religious men** who did the nursing care of the sick during the Spanish Regime?
Hospitallers
150
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
In the early development of nursing, the work of the nurse and the physician were not clearly defined.
______________, a lay brother of the Franciscan order, performed both functions. He devoted his time in the Care of the sick in the Philippines. Nurse the lepers, made ointment and purgatives from coconut oil. They used medical plants in the treatment of disease. They also believe in cleanliness of the body and mind.
Fray Juan Clemente
151
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* This was established in the City of Manila to care for the king's soldiers. This was a general hospital administered by the Spanish Government.
**The Hospital Real De Manila** (1577)
152
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* Fray Juan Clemente established this clinic for the service of leprous patients, hence, named after San Lazaro, a patron saint of lepers. This was administered by the hospitallers of San Juan De Dios.
**San Lazaro Hospital** (1578)
153
Who is the patron saint of **lepers**?
San Lazaro
154
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* Established in Laguna, near Pansol, by Fray J. Bautista of the Franciscan order near a medical spring which was believed to cure several patients.
**Hospital De Aguas Santas** (1590)
155
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* Founded by the brotherhood of Misericordia and was administered by the hospitallers of San Juan De Dios from alms and rent.
**San Juan De Dios Hospital** (1596)
156
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* Established in the little island on the Pasig river where the Hospicio de San Jose stands.
**Hospital De Convalensencia** (1656)
157
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* A military hospital established in Zamboanga.
**Hospital De Zamboanga** (1742)
158
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* A general hospital supported by alms and donations.
**Hospital De Cavite** (1842)
159
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
* Established for Chinese Patients.
**Hospital De San Gabriel** (1866)
160
NURSING SERVICE DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
* The women during the Philippine revolution took active part in nursing the wounded soldiers. Without any training in nursing, they dressed the wound, alleviated pains, prepared foods and gave comfort to the men engage in war.
Among the **prominent women who volunteered were these 4**?
***Who are they?***
* Mrs. Josephine Bracken
* Rosa Sevilla de Alvaro
* Doña Hilaria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
* Tandang Sora
161
One of the women who volunteered during the Philippine Revolution:
* **Attended and dressed the wounded soldiers with care, cheer with soldiers. Escaped to Hong Kong and died in 1902.**
Mrs. Josephine Bracken
162
One of the women who volunteered during the Philippine Revolution:
* **Nurses the wounded soldiers without training.**
Rosa Sevilla de Alvaro
163
One of the women who volunteered during the Philippine Revolution:
* **Established a traveling clinic, President of the Filipino Red Cross in Batangas.**
Doña Hilaria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
164
One of the women who volunteered during the Philippine Revolution:
* **Nursed the wounded soldiers.**
Tandang Sora
165
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* After the Philippine revolution, there was a great need for hospitals, dispensaries, and laboratories. The great problem after the American occupation of Manila was the need of doctors and nurses to help eradicate frequent epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and others. It was expensive to employ Americans to work under the government; thus, the idea of training the ______________ to become nurses was started.
Filipino girls
166
The **Board of Health** was organized on ____________.
July 1901
167
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Administered under the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America, started school in April, 1906 and has the distinction of graduating the first trained nurses in 1909. First board exam was given in Iloilo.**
What hospital is this?
**The Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing** (1906)
168
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **The missionary nurses, Ms. Hick's and Deaconess Charlotte Massy, started the school in 1907.**
What hospital is this?
**Saint Luke's Hospital School of Nursing** (1907)
169
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters and Mrs. Sofia Reyes de Veyra were among the pioneer American teachers who saw the need of trained nurses in our country. Both worked for the opening of the school.**
What hospital is this?
**Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing** (1907)
170
Under Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
WHO IS THIS?
* **They were among the pioneer American teachers who saw the need of trained nurses in our country. Both worked for the opening of the school.**
**Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters** and **Mrs. Sofia Reyes de Veyra**
171
Under Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
WHO IS THIS?
* **The third American chief Nurse of the PGH was interested in the training of Filipino girls to enter the new profession of Nursing.**
Ms. Elsie McCloskey
172
Under Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
WHO IS THIS?
* **Was appointed by Senate President Quezon. She was the first Filipino to occupy the position of Chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines.**
Ms. Anastasia Giron Tupas
173
Under Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
WHO IS THIS?
* **First nurse graduate.**
Ms. Apolona Salvador Ladao
174
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Established by Dr. Rebecca Parish and started its collegiate program beginning from the school year 1953 to 1954.**
What hospital is this?
**The Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing** (1907)
175
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **This school was opened on June 01, 1913 under the auspices of the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent De Paul.**
What hospital is this?
**The San Juan De Dios Hospital School of Nursing** (1913)
176
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Established by Mrs. Tancheco in 1891. The school of nursing was opened in 1921.**
What hospital is this?
**The Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing** (1921)
177
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **It was a military hospital but later it was placed under the Bureau of Health to take care of civilians.**
What hospital is this?
**Baguio Hospital School of Nursing** (1923)
178
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Ms. Fannie Hiday was the first superintendent of nurses.**
What hospital is this?
**Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing** (1930)
179
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Established in Lucena City with 150 beds, organized by Dr. Francisco Vicuña.**
What hospital is this?
**The Quezon Memorial Hospital School of Nursing** (1957)
180
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
* **Established in Iloilo at 1946.**
What hospital is this?
**Saint Paul School of Nursing** (1946)
181
The first school of midwifery was established by ____________ , who was appointed as the first secretary of health. It was opened at the Sampaloc General Hospital with only 10 students accepted.
**Dr. Jose Fabella** in 1922
182
**The first school of midwifery was established by Dr. Jose Fabella in 1922 and it was opened at _______________ with only 10 students accepted.**
What hospital is this?
Sampaloc General Hospital
183
It started as a **6-month course**.
Midwifery
184
The major functions of the ______ pertain to maternal and child care.
In the early years, student midwives were supported by the government.
midwives
185
In 1974, ____________ was appointed chairman of the board for midwifery.
Dr. Ricardo B. Gonzales
186
**Dr. Ricardo B. Gonzales is considered as the father of (a)____________ and the first director of (b)________________.**
Note: There are **two answers**
* (a) Father of Modern Midwifery
* (b) Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Medical Center
187
THE POST LIBERATION SCHOOL OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
* **The effect of World War II brought unhappy situation to the Filipino people. ____________ was very rampant due to lack of food, clothing, shelter, medicine and other prime necessities. Hundreds of wounded soldiers needed immediate care so that several hospitals were established because of the tremendous work of health rehabilitation of the country.**
Disease
188
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
THE POST LIBERATION SCHOOL OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
**Why did colleges and schools of nursing increase after World War II?**
* Demand of ever changing society.
* The desire to receive the best professional training.
* Recognition by the community of its responsibilities.
* To keep abreast with trends of general education.
189
**It was opened in 1946 and offered a rich field for clinical teaching for student nurses.**
What **hospital** is this?
The North General Hospital of Nursing
190
What year was the **Siliman University School of Nursing** opened?
January 1947
191
Which **hospital in Negros Occidental** opened a nursing school in 1948?
**Negros Occidental Provincial Hospital**
Note: It opened on **May 1948**.
192
What was established on **November 19, 1951 with careful admission screening**?
**Velez (Cebu) Clinic**
193
IN CONTEMPORARY NURSING
* **Challenging area in nursing today is the ____________ for Nurses**.
Professional preparation
194
IN CONTEMPORARY NURSING
* **_________ as a profession demand a broad general education to meet the goal of producing a liberally educated nurse who can perform in a variety of settings**.
Nursing
195
IN CONTEMPORARY NURSING
* **The _________ provides the graduates with license to practice nursing upon passing the nurses' board examination**.
Board of Nursing
