Global patterns of disease - cardiovascular Flashcards
What are the 2 transitions affecting global health?
demographic and epidemiological
What is an example of a demographic change?
diet
Why are CVDs increasing?
Smoking and diet
Why are number of deaths from CVD decreasing even though prevalence increases?
Healthcare
Why is infectious disease prevalence decreasing?
sanitation, hygiene
How are the rates of death from CVD expected to change in the future in high, middle and low income countries?
stable for high income
increase for middle and low
(same trend for cancer)
Which characteristics increase risk of CHD?
age (80+ in particular), lower in women (get closer after menopause though), higher in Afro-Caribbeans, similar in black females and white males
What is the percentage of CVD deaths in 2010 in America, Africa and Europe?
America - 1/3
Africa - 10%
Europe - 60%
genetics or environment?
What are some established risk factors for CHD?
- cholesterol
- high blood pressure
- smoking
- BMI
- Reduced physical activity
How is the rate of obesity changing worldwide and in America particularly?
Increasing, but in America increasing to over 30% in all states
How are the rates of smoking changing worldwide?
Decreasing in particular in UK but in developing countries is increasing
How does hypertension affect CHD risk?
Gradual increase, for every unit increase in pressure, risk of CHD increases
Why can serum cholesterol be used as a marker for CHD?
What is a downside of using it?
good predictive marker, good prognostic validity, but cannot discriminate well between cases and non cases of heart disease
How does the rates of low physical activity vary worldwide and what might explain it?
High rates worldwide
Due to more transport and social culture and lifestyle
Which country has low CVD rates and which parts of the world is it increasing?
Japan
Middle East
