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Science-2024S2 > Global systems > Flashcards

Global systems Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The biosphere contains all living things and it is a combination of all the spheres (since living things exist in each sphere).

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2
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

It contains all the water on earth, in all of its forms. It is made up of 97% salt water and 3% fresh water

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3
Q

What is the Lithosphere

A

The sphere made up from earth’s crust and upper mantle. It includes all rocks, soil, minerals and sand on earth.

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4
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

The atmosphere contains all the gasses surounding earth. It is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 0.04% CO2

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5
Q

What is condensation?

A

When there is enough water vapour in the atmosphere or when it cools down enough, condensation will occur to convert it into a liquid.

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6
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The condensated liquid will precipitate (as rain or snow) from clouds

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7
Q

Where does precipitated water go?

A
  1. infiltrates the land and turns into groundwater
  2. Fall into other bodies of water
  3. Falls on land and becomes surface runoff, ending up in other bodies of water.
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8
Q

How does water reach the atmosphere?

A

Through evaporation or transpiration

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9
Q

How does evaporation occur

A

Water in oceans, streams and lakes will evaporate (change into liquid to gas) and return to the atmosphere as water vapor

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10
Q

How does transpiration occur

A

Plants will give off ground water that has been absorbed as water vapour, returning it to the atmosphere.

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11
Q

What is transpiration?

A

It is when water inside of plants is transferred back into the atmosphere as water vapor during the plant’s respiration process

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12
Q

Draw a diagram that shows the water cycle

A

Done

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13
Q

Why is carbon essential?

A

It is found in all living things and it an essential compound in life

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14
Q

What is carbon a part of for humans?

A

fats, proteins, carbs, vitamins and DNA in cells

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15
Q

How do plants get CO2 and how is CO2 released

A

They take it in during photosynthesis and it is released by plants and animals during respiration as co2

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16
Q

Draw the carbon cycle

A

Done

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17
Q

Photosynthesis……. CO2 from the atmosphere

A

fixes (takes in)

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18
Q

What does plant respiration do

A

It releases oxygen back into the atmosphere in the form of CO2

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19
Q

How do fossil feuls affect carbon?

A

They contain carbon of plants and animals that have been preserved for years and burning them re-relases them back into the atmosphere.

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20
Q

What is a carbon sink?

A

It is a natural or manmade reservoir that stores some carbon-containing chemical compounds for an indefinite period. The ocean is a carbon sink as it stores the limestone on the ocean floor

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21
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight, CO2, water

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22
Q

How does photosynthesis occur

A
  1. The plant roots take in water
  2. The CO2 is absorbed by stomata on plant’s leaves
  3. The CO2 us reduced and water us oxidised
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23
Q

Photosynthesis chemical equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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24
Q

Photosynthesis word equation

Study These Flashcards
A

Carbon dioxide + water + (light energy) → glucose + oxygen gas.

25
What happens once plants have converted CO2 into carbon?
The carbon will be transferred back into the atmosphere by respiration , it will be transferred to the soil as the plant dies or transferred to otehr living organisms through consumption
26
What is repsiration?
respiration is the process by which a living organism converts food into energy.
27
Respiration chemical formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
28
Respiration word formula
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
29
Why is the nitrogen cycle important?
Of the air in the atmosphere, 78% is in the form of nitrogen gas (N2). However, plants cannot use nitrogen in this form.
30
How does the nitrogen cycle help plants absorb nitrogen?
It must be converted to soluble forms of nitrogen, so plants can absorb it through their roots.
31
Which forms of nitrogen can be taken up (assimilated) by plants?
ammonium, nitrite and nitrates as they are soluble
32
What does assimilation mean
It is the process of plants absorbing forms of nitrogen through their roots
33
What does nitrifying bacteria do?
Nitrifying bacteria then convert the ammonium (NH+4) into nitrites (NO2-) and then further into nitrates (NO3-).
34
What do decomposers do?
Decomposers make ammonium when decomposing plants or animals.
35
What does Denitrifying bacteria do?
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas and release it into the atmosphere when they decompose dead plant material.
36
Draw the nitrogen cycle
Done
37
How does global warming effect the ocean- carbon sinks and how it effects the rest of the world?
Carbon sinks can reach a saturation point, limiting their capacity to absorb CO2. This can exacerbate the problem of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
38
How does global warming effect the ocean- ocean acidifications and how it effects the rest of the world?
Increased carbon dioxide emissions lead to higher absorption in oceans, causing a decrease in pH levels. This makes the oceans more acidic, endangering marine life and disrupting marine ecosystems
39
How does global warming effect the ocean- impact on kelp forests and mangroves and how it effects the rest of the world?
Acidification can harm kelp forests and mangroves, affecting their ability to support marine biodiversity.
40
How do coral and Zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship
Corals provide a protected environment for the zooxanthellae within their tissues. Zooxanthellae, in return, provide corals with essential nutrients and energy. This relationship is vital for both organisms' survival.
41
Why can coral not do it's own minerals and nutrients?
They are heterotrophic, cannot create their own food, and zooxanthellae are autotrophic so they can produce their own food through photosynthesis.
42
How does the increase of temperature affect Zooxanthellae and coral?
It can cause stress to zooxanthellae which causes them to be expelled, leading to coral bleaching as corals to lose their color and primary energy source.
43
How does ocean acidification affect coral and tehrefore zooxanthelle?
can negatively affect the calcification and growth of corals. The changes in ocean chemistry can make it harder for corals to build and maintain their calcium carbonate skeletons.
44
Why are Long Spined Sea Urchin shifting towards Tasmanian waters?
as a result of warming waters along the East Coast causing a range shift
45
What is a range shift?
where an organism can expand the range it exists in due to temperature changes that are more favourable to its physiology and metabolism.
46
Why is the range shift of urchns bad?
They overgraze creating urchin barrens which can negatively impact kelp beds and reef dependent species such as abalone, rock lobster and fish.
47
How does land clearing and deforestation lead to reduction of carbon sinks
Land clearing and deforestation contribute significantly to the reduction of carbon sinks as trees are vital for absorbing carbon dioxide.
48
How do land clearing and deforestation lead to more CO2 in the atmosphere?
Clearing land releases significant amounts of carbon stored in the soil, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
49
How does Agricultural emissions create greenhosue gasses?
Intensive agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and livestock farming result in substantial emissions of greenhouse gasses.
50
What is the green house effect?
It is a natural process that occurs when the gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation emitted from earth and re-emit it as heat.
51
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect
It is the normal greenhouse effect but sped up due to human activity which has increased the amount of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.
52
How do humans contribute to the enhanced greenhosue effect
Humans are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning coal and gas (fossil fuels).
53
Did humans really have that large of an impact on enhanced greenhouse effect ?
Yes! During the last decade, the atmospheric carbon dioxide level reached an all time high.
54
How much heat can Methane produce and how is it produced
Methane is able to trap more than 20 times the heat of carbon dioxide. Methane is produced by cows, sheep and bacteria as they decompose plant material.
55
How much heat can Nitrous oxide trap and how is it produced
Nitrous oxide is capable of trapping 300 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide is produced from car exhausts and through industrial processes as well as the burning of forests.
56
How do glaciers give evidence of climate change?
are evidence for climate change as they grow during cold periods and retract during warm periods and they have been retracting significantly.
57
How does ice-core data give evidence of climate change?
By analyzing the properties of an ice core, scientists can draw data about (and make comparisons with) the temperature and air composition from thousands of years ago.
58
How do sediments give evidence of climate change?
The distribution of sedimentary rock around the world and the fossils in it are indicators of the sea level change in the past. Scientists can determine what is in the sedimentary layers and what time period they were deposited.
59
What are some consequences of climate change?
The sea level around the world is rising, and this is happening at an increasing rate due to: -Melting glaciers and polar ice caps -Melting ice sheets that cover Antarctica and Greenland -Expansion of ocean water as it warms

Science-2024S2 (3 decks)

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