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AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 > Global Systems and Global Governance Definitions > Flashcards

Global Systems and Global Governance Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Globalisation

A

The process of which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or start to operate on a national scale.

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2
Q

capital flow

A

movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade, or business operations in and out of countries

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3
Q

economic leakage

A

funds that leave an economy or a system instead of staying in it

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4
Q

remittance payments

A

money transferred from one party to another usually across borders

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5
Q

containerisation

A

pack into and transported by container

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6
Q

protectionism

A

theory or practice of shielding a countries domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports

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7
Q

tarrifs

A

tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports

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8
Q

economies of scale

A

cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient

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9
Q

labour

A

work, especially physical work

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10
Q

footloose industry

A

an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factory of production such as resources, land , labour and capital

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11
Q

diaspora

A

population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographical place of origin

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12
Q

maquiladora

A

A factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting produces to companies country of origin

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13
Q

trading bloc

A

group of countries that have reduced or removed trade barriers for participants

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14
Q

customs union

A

form of trade agreement between 2 or more countries

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15
Q

common market

A

group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with one another and a common tariff on trade with other countries

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16
Q

commodity

A

raw material or primary agricultural product that can e bought and sold (e.g. copper or coffee)

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16
Q

global shift

A

Movement of manufacturing and industry from western regions to countries that have been recently industrialised (particularly Asia)

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17
Q

just-in-time systems

A

an inventory management method in which goods are received from suppliers only as they are needed.

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18
Q

multilateral trade agreements

A

reducing barriers to trade such as tariffs, subsides and embargoes

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19
Q

bilateral trade agreements

A

agreements between countries to promote trade. eliminates trade barriers (tariffs ect)

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20
Q

emigration

A

leaving ones own country to settle permanently in another - moving abroad ect

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21
Q

immigration

A

action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

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22
Q

push factor

A

something that makes people want to leave a place or escape from a particular situation

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23
Q

pull factor

A

Preferences or desires that cause people to migrate to another country.

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24
economic migrant
person who travels from one country or area in order to improve their standard of living
25
brain drain
the loss of education/ educated people
26
brain gain
the gain of educated people
27
outsourcing
the business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services or create goods that were traditionally performed in-house by the company's own employees and staff
28
offshoring
the practice of outsourcing operations overseas, usually by companies from industrialized countries to less-developed countries, with the intention of reducing the cost of doing business.
29
home country
country where the person was born
30
host country
a country where a person lives when they leave their home country and settles somewhere new
31
fair trade
Trade between countries/ companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to producers
32
sweat shop
a factory or workshop, especially in clothing industry where workers are employed at very low wages for long hours under poor conditions
33
HIC
high income country
34
LIC
low income country
35
NEE
newly emerging economy
36
MINT
group of countries with potential to realise rapid growth (economic) Mexico Indonesia Nigeria Turkey
37
BRIC
Brazil Russia India China predicted in 2001 to be 4 largest economies in the world in 21st century
38
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement eliminates most trade/ tariff barriers passing between Mexico USA and Canada
39
OPEC
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
40
OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
41
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment
42
law
system of rules which a particular country or community recognises as regulating the actions of its members - enforce punishment
43
norms
something usual, typical or standard
44
institutes
an organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose
45
primary industry
such as agriculture/ forestry, obtaining or providing natural raw materials to make commodities/ products for a consumer.
46
secondary industry
industry that converts the raw materials provided by primary industry into commodity/ products (manufacturing industry)
47
tertiary industry
this is the service sector e.g. retail stores, healthcare providers, hotels ect
48
spatial organisation
a way of organising things in relation to their surrounding both internally and externally
49
R&D
Research & Development
50
mergers
combination of 2 or more companies
51
acquisitions
purchase of one company by another
52
subcontractors
a firm or person that carries out work for a company as part of a larger project
53
vertical integration
buisness strategy of controlling different stages of the supply chain for a good or service
54
horizontal integration
acquisition of a business operating at the same level of the value chain in the same industry
55
supply chain
the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity
56
multiplier effect
proportional amount of increase or decrease in final income that results from an injection or withdrawal of capital
57
global marketing
marketing on a worldwide scale
58
SEZ
Special Economic Scale
59
cartel
association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at high level and restricting competition
60
SDT agreements
special and differential treatment
61
IMF
International Monetary fund - promotes global economic growth, etc and reduces poverty
62
world bank
international banking organisation established to control distribution of economic aid between member nations - make loans in times of financial crisis.
63
repatriation of profits
sending foreign earned profits or financial assets back to the firms home country
64
core regions
areas that experience higher levels of economic development, infrastructure and access to resources
65
periphery regions
countries less developed that semi-periphery and core countries
66
free trade
international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions.
67
neoliberalism
political approach that favours free- market capitalism, deregulation or reduction to government spending
68
quotas
fixed share in something that a person or group is entitled to receive
69
trade liberalisation
removal or deductions on barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations
70
laissez faire capitalism
transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism
71
deregulation
removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in particular industry
72
WTO
World Trade Organisation
73
cybersecurity
state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorised use of electronic data or measures taken to achieve this
74
united nations development programme
helps countries to develop policy's, leadership, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and to build resilience to achieve sustainable development goals
75
millennium development goals
8 goals the UN member states have agreed to achieve by 2015, signed in 2000
76
global commons
Global resource domains. Not owned by anyone. Antarctica, space, atmosphere, high seas and cyberspace

AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 (19 decks)

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