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global systems and governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is a global system?

A

the nature of independence in the contemporary world

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2
Q

What is globalisation?

A

How the world is becoming more interconnected through technology and trade

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3
Q

What are the dimensions of globalisation?

A

-environmental
-economy
-politics
-technology
-social

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4
Q

What are factors that affect globalisation?

A

development of technologies
finance/wealth
transport
security
communications
trade agreements

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5
Q

What is the global economy?

A

system of interconnected scales of the world’s funding

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6
Q

What is the Frank and Wallerstein model?

A

A model showing the two basic hierarchies of countries: core and periphery
Core countries dominate and exploit peripheral countries
Peripheral countries are dependent on the core countries for capital

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7
Q

What are critiques of the Frank + Wallerstein model?

A

no space in the model for NEE’s
large income economies are becoming developed

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8
Q

Explain how globalisation has been affected by flows of capital

A

-accelerated through the way companies handle labour, products, services and information
-Flows between 4 main groups - core, periphary, World Bank, IMF

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9
Q

What are leakages?

A

captial that escapes the economy in a circular flow

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10
Q

What is the difference between the IMF and the World Bank?

A

the IMF focuses on macroeconomic and financial stability while the World Bank concentrates on long-term economic development and poverty reduction

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11
Q

What is the IMF?

A

An organisation made up of 189 countries that aims to provide finanical stability to all

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12
Q

What is diaspora?

A

large groups of people with similar heritage who have settled in a place

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13
Q

What is profit repatriation?

A

Profit made by TNC taken back to their home

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14
Q

What is remittance?

A

transfers of money from foreign workers to family

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15
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

the process of reduction of industrial activity in a region/economy

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16
Q

What is containerisation?

A

system of standardised transport, using large steel containers transported by ships, lorries, trains

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17
Q

What is the global shift?

A

the movement of manufacturing and the outsourcing of services from one country to another with the main driver being labour costs

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18
Q

What triggered the increase in manufacturing?

A

The Ford Motor company started mass production in the late 1880’s - sold 10,000 Model T in first year
Now taken over by the US which contributed to increase in automotive industry from 4 cars to 3 million 20 years later

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19
Q

Describe changes to the automotive industry

A

-Ford Model T as first car
- £71 billion made per year in the UK
- employs 800,000 people
-facing a tariff of 10% due to increased demands

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20
Q

What factors have accelerated globalisation?

A

Transport - containerisation, downside of rebel groups such as Hooties in Red Sea
Global marketing - examples of McDonalds and Coca- Cola moving on an international level , well recognised and adapts to areas
Travel - increase in business, personal and tourism travel,

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21
Q

What is global marketing?

A

when brands such as Mcdonald’s and Coca-Cola spread to countries on an international level, promoting and advertising their products

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22
Q

Describe flows of capital

A

movement on money
Increasing due to TNC’s
Presented by the Frank and Wallerstein Model
All money coming from World Bank and IMF
Problems such as Somalia being too reliant on remittance - 2 million living in diaspora

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23
Q

Describe flows of labour

A

when workers migrate to developed countries to look for a job
From Africa and Asia into Europe and North America
International students providing £11.8 billion to UK economy
20% of UK’s construction workers are from abroad
Problems with trafficking, poor pay or poor working conditions

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24
Q

Describe flows of products/services

A

developed due to globalisation
categorised high and low level services
low level become decentralised - creating clone towns
Problems if protectionism, tarrifs, overproduction
Mali has an overproduction of cotton and is in critical state due to Asia reducing its costs

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25
What is the global value chain?
different stages of production processes are located in different countries
26
What are trade agreements?
formal agreements between 2 or more countries that removes trade barriers
27
What are the advantages of nations grouping together?
-imporves global peace and security -increases global trade and economic co-operation -encorages social and economic development
28
What are the 5 major trade bloc groups?
EU Pacific Alliance USMCA ASEAW MERCOSUR
29
What is a TNC?
A trans-national company that operates in more than one country due to cheap labour costs -reach foreign markets -exploit resources -find lowest cost of production
30
What are the charcteristics of a TNC?
-organise pordcution to minimise costs -control key suppliers -easily recognised -source raw materials at lowest cost
31
What is vertical integration?
when a product/service is owned entirely by a TNC - from raw material to final product
32
What is horizontal integration?
TNC's diversify operations by expansion or takeover. It can be complementary or competitive
33
What are the benefits of TNC's?
-jobs created -workers gain skills -cheaper goods -low labour for TNC -new technology brought in
34
What are the problems with TNC's?
- exploitation of workers -poor working conditions -environmental issues -de-multiplier effect -repatriation of profit -de-industrialisation
35
Give details of a TNC case study
Apple Inc. - producer and retailer of computer tech and mobile electronic devices Headquarters loacted in Apple Park - North Carolina Company started in 1976 As of 2019 it is: -largest IT brand by revenue -3rd largest mobile manufacturer -1st global brand by value -revenue at $50 billion in 2020
36
How many people does Apple Inc. have employed?
900,000 full time employees in over 510 retails stores in 22 countries Apple store in every US state
37
Who are Apple's main partners?
Foxconn and Pegatton
38
Give details on Apple's production in China
-low production costs -large young and skilled workforce -Shezen as China's 1st most sucessful economic zone
39
Give details on Apple's European HQ
Located in Ireland -employs 6000 people at Hollyhill -90 nationalities working there -imporved investement in area
40
What is the 'Green My Apple' campaign?
Apple's use of renewable energy in US facilities using solar power -removed all PVC plastics -promotes recyclying its products -2nd in Green Electronics Rank
41
Give details on a world trade food case study
Banana Trade - 4th most important food product -$15 billion revenue each year -Primarily come from Latin America and Carribean (23.3 million tonnes) -80% bananas produced for national consumption
42
Give details on the banana industry
-India,China,Indonesia and Brazil as top 4 consumers -Ecuador and Cost Rica highly dependant on export of bananas -30kg of active fungicides,herbicides and insecticides sprayed -largest importers are US and EU
43
Give details on world trade of bananas
-In past bananas dominated by Chiquite, Dole Del Monte, Fyffes and Noboa -workers recieve 5-9% of total value whereas retailers get 36-43% -Asia producing 17% of export market
44
What are environmental issues on banana plantations?
-grown on monoculture plantations -largest agrochemical input (30kg) -deforestation -water pollution -soil feritility
45
Describe the Geneva Banana agreement
took place in 2009 tariffs on bananas whent from 176 euros to 75 per tonne
46
What are issues associated with interdependence?
unequal flows of money, ideas and technology unequal power relations
47
Give information on the UN and its impact on global governence
overall aim to maintain peace and security 193 members punishes countries not abiding to international law promote economic, social and environmental growth through Millenium Development Goals and Sustainable Development goals
48
What are 3 examples of the UN's Millenium Development Goals
reduce child mortality eradicate extreme poverty and hunger combat diseases
49
Give 3 examples of the UN's sustainable development goals
renewable energy gender equality no poverty
50
Describe information of Antarctica as a case study
holds 90% of world's freshwater -50°C average temp -fragile ecosytem -6 months of darkness each year -Antarctic treaty 1959
51
What are the biggest threats to Antarctica?
Fishing and whaling Mining Tourism Climate change
52
How is fishing/whaling a threat to Antarctica ?
overfishing of krill disrupting whole food chain as its the lowest part 100,000 tonnes of krill every year Whaling since 18th century - Whaling Moratorium in place
53
How is climate change a threat to Antarctica ?
warmer sea temps causing rise of sea levels and melting ice caps migration patterns disrupted CO2 trapped in ice sheets is released Albedo effect reduced (reflection of solar radiation)
54
How is tourism a threat to Antarctica ?
37,000 visited every year 2009-2010 visiting by air and sea contributing to fossil fuel emissions MS explorer crash in 2007 - oil spill Scientific research of research bases - problems with disposing of waste, disrupting wildlife and bringing in invasive species
55
How is mining a threat to Antarctica ?
oil exploitation including drilling oil spills causing long term damage use of fossil fuels increases global warming
56
Describe information on the Antarctic Treaty
1959 - 53 countries joined antarctica as global common nuclear activity banned regulations of waste management and pollution scientific research allowed as long as its shared
57
What influences do NGO's and Charities have on Antarctica ?
NGO - ASOC - fromed in 1978 convinced governments to prevent mineral exploitation monitor marine wildlife areas climate change governance of Antarctica Charities - Greenpeace and WWF -reporting issues -campaigning - donations
58
How has globalisation promoted growth and stability in the world?
Reduces poverty Enables free trade removing barriers such as tariffs Competition between countries drives prices down Interconnected decision making benefits all Internet has facilitated mass communication
59
How has globalisation promoted inequalities, injustices and conflicts in the world?
Increased inequality Trade barriers still exist Countries manipulate their currency to maintain price advantage
60
Environmental impacts associated with globalisation
Atmosphere and oceans are global commons decreased co2 emissions due to increased linked public transport

geography (6 decks)

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