Global Systems And Governance Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
what is repatriation
A
Returning profits from an overseas company to the home nation where the HQ is
2
Q
Tragedy of the commons
A
A situation in which individuals with access to a public resource—also called a common—act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource
3
Q
What are the dimensions of globalisation
A
flows of information technology and capital
Flows or services and global marketing
Patterns of production, distribution and consumption
Flows of Products and Labour
4
Q
what are flows of information technology and capital (globalisation)
A
cheap, reliable and instant info
Money flows electronically
Internet and mobile technologies
Culture and politics spread by social media
5
Q
what happens globally with money flows (globalisation)
A
HDEs and increasingly EMEs invest in LDEs due to low production costs
6
Q
what are flows of products and labour (globalisation)
A
global transport systems have never been cheaper
E.g. UK HS2 project
International transport hubs
TNC labour movement
Increasingly exotic and remote tourism
7
Q
what are flows of services and global marketing (globalisation)
A
marketing is globalised and uses international strategies
TNCs use glocalisation
Global products like Coca-Cola have a ubiquitous identity
Countries like India provide financial services that HICs outsource to
8
Q
Patterns of production, distribution and consumption (globalisation)
A
TNCs dictate where products are made (LDEs due to lower costs)
Products are distributed to meet HDEs and EMEs
9
Q
what is an HDE
A
highly developed economy
10
Q
what is an EME
A
emerging major economy
11
Q
what is an LDE
A
Less developed economy
12
Q
what type of process is globalisation
A
ongoing and in waves
13
Q
what is globalisation associated with
A
technological innovations from 30 years ago
14
Q
what influences globalisation
A
new tech, comms and info
Financial systems
Transport systems
Trade agreements
Security
Trade Agreements
15
Q
What are the 4 Ts of globalisation
A
Transport
Trade
Technology
TNCs
Security
16
Q
how do new technologies affect globalisation
A
info is easy and cheap to share
17
Q
How do phones affect LDEs
A
Phones connect people so they can trade in ways previously not possible
18
Q
how do global financial systems affect globalisation
A
Banks operate worldwide
There are large vital transmission systems for the money
Some argue the 2008 financial crash was just caused by US sub-prime mortgage lending
19
Q
how have transport systems affected globalisation
A
less friction of time and space (new opportunities but also costs)
Global transport allows vast distance movement easily for people and goods
20
Q
How has security been affected by globalisation
A
national boundaries are less of a barrier, traditional security measures have been reduced in importance
21
Q
how have trade agreements affects globalisation
A
without a system of global trade rules, some countries would act unfairly with tariffs etc.
22
Q
what % of trade does the WTO overlook?
A
The WTO overseas 97% of all trade
23
Q
how many pages is the WTO agreement
A
26k pages
Shows complexity
24
Q
what is the gender split in Qatar
A
75% male
25
what % of Qatar’s population live in cities
99%
26
What is the GDP per capita in Qatar
$50,000
27
Contentious policy/rules in Qatar?
no same sex marriage
Alcohol is restricted in public
Monarchy is hereditary
28
what % of oil reserves are controlled by Qatar
13%
29
Brief history of Qatar
was very poor until 1939 where it discovered oil reserves and is now one of the richest countries
This has promoted development but also inequality development
30
what year did Qatar become independent
1971 from Britain
31
how did the Qatar 2022 World Cup claim to be carbon neutral
all the stadiums were within 75k so no flying
The new metro linked the stadiums
32
how was the Qatar 2022 World Cup not carbon neutral
they had to build it all, import 140 tonnes of grass seed annually from the US
They use desalinated water that uses natural gas
33
how much of the UKs natural gas is from Norway
half
34
what % of the UKs natural gas comes from Qatar
9% (second largest supplier)
35
what did Qatar do with the natural gas money in the UK
buy up lots of prime real estate so heavily influences the property market
36
What is a remittance
a Flow of money or capital back to a home nation generated by a migrant worker sending their wage home
37
what can be the largest source of income in LDEs
remittances
38
what % of Nepal’s GDP is remittances
23% in 2022
39
what is sportswashing
Use of sport to redirect public attention away from unethical conduct
40
what is greenwashing
Advertising or marketing that uses green PR and false or misleading claims that distract public attentions from real solutions
41
What is the great firewall of china
a system of online censorship that stops access to foreign websites and throttles internet speed
42
what is the golden shield system
a system of domestic surveillance using fines, arrests and lawsuits to enforce the Chinese censorship
43
how does china use the internet as a misinformation tool
it changes information such as removing the maskless fans from the World Cup final in 2022 and censoring the anti government protests in Hong Kong
44
how is alibaba an example of a globalisation success story
Successful e-commerce, connected manufacturers and businesses in over 190 countries
45
how many barrels of oil reserves does Nigeria have?
37 billion
46
how much natural gas does Nigeria have
5.8k cubic kilometres of oil
47
Why didn’t Nigeria use its oil
didn't have the skills or technology
48
negatives of oil extraction in Nigeria and causes
no effective regulation
Degradation of environment
Socio-economic inequality increased
Despite energy rich, lots live without electricity
49
what is the issue with the high income from oil in Nigeria
the Nigerian currency is overvalued; SPICED so they can’t sell things abroad
50
what is Dutch disease
SPICED so you can’t export goods
51
If all international trade was free, what would happen
30% higher world income
52
issue with foreign sales?
a domestic seller won’t make the sale instead
53
What is not yet a reality in trade
completely free trade, because countries are at different development stages
54
what nation buys the most on eBay
Britain
55
what was the Golden Arches theory
”no two countries who have a McDonald’s franchise will ever go to war”
56
when was the Golden Arches theory disproved
2022, the Russia Ukraine war
Maccie’s shut down all 847 restaurants in Russia
57
how are investment and conflict linked
a franchise will not expand and invest into a country if it deems the risk of conflict to be too high
58
comparative advantage (+ves of free trade)
a country specialises in producing goods most efficiently at the lowest possible opportunity cost
59
opportunity cost (+ves of free trade)
the loss of the next best alternative foregone
60
economies of scale (+ves of free trade)
producing a narrower range of outputs, means that they can produce them at higher volumes with lower cost per unit
61
purchasing power (+ves of free trade)
Lower prices form increased competition so consumers get more from their money
62
fewer domestic monopolies (+ves of free trade)
Domestic prices may be kept high if a monopoly occurs, having more free international competition would drive down prices, benefitting socially (better QoL and PP)
63
Transfer of technology (+ves of free trade)
application of new tech is incentivised, leading to design improvements and innovation
64
increased employment (+ves of free trade)
More production leads to more employment means multiplier effect
65
Over specialisation (-ves of free trade)
if demand falls or the same product has comparative advantage abroad, the capacity for flexibility to other products is low
66
product dumping (-ves of free trade)
profit lines are so tight that products may be sold at a loss, dumping refers to the lower prices abroad than domestically
67
why do companies product dumping
to eliminate competition abroad to establish a monopoly to later raise the prices
68
stunted growth (-ves of free trade)
new home grown industries may struggle to self-establish when international competition is so cheap
69
protectionism and tariffs (-ves of free trade)
Tariffs may be imposed on important domestic industry, leading to retaliatory tariffs, causing raised prices for everyone
70
de-skilling (-ves of free trade)
traditional craftspeople’s skills will be lost, leading to a rise in screwdriver jobs
71
what is a screwdriver job
basic assembly work
72
exploitive and labour intensive industry (-ves of free trade)
Labour is the biggest cost for most industry, so conditions are compromised to maximise profits
73
what is the silk road
a network of routes from east Asia to Europe, was the beginnings of early globalisation
74
what is the new Silk Road?
chinas belt and road initiative (BRI)
75
what has the BRI done?
china invests abroad in transport infrastructure to gain economic and political influence (see tied aid)
76
How much have china spent on BRI so far
$575 billion
77
issues/concerns with the BRI
debt trap diplomacy
78
what is debt trap diplomacy
developing nations left with unsustainable loans leading to debt and it is used to gain power and influence
79
example of debt trap diplomacy
Sri Lanka couldn’t repay their port development loan so china took a 99 year lease of a port strategically placed in the Indian Ocean
80
where does Japan rank in world oil consumers
5th despite having no reserves
81
Terms of trade definition
Value of goods that a country has to import vs the value of what they can export
82
what has happened to primary goods vs manufactured products over the last few decades
primary has fluctuated but manufactured have all increased
83
what % of all new roads in Ethiopia are controlled from abroad
70% by China alone
84
where has there been significant increase in demand for metals in teh emerging economies
east Asia namely china
85
what do China claim about their FDI policies
They have no strings attached
But they flood their cheap manufactured goods into Africa markets (unethical?)
86
What happened in the Collum coal mining incident
11 Zambian workers were shot during a protest, the following year, the Chinese manager was killed during a pay dispute and the mine was seized by the Zambian government
87
what happened with the Chinese steel dumping
the sold steel below its production value and created on oversupply and eventually British steel was acquired by a Chinese steelmaker due to being perpetually undercut
88
what proportion of steel is made in china
over half
89
what is the WTO
aims to cut trade barriers so goods flow more easily
90
What is the OECD
global think tank of the 38 wealthiest nations
91
what is OPEC
13 states that supply 40% of all oil, regulates the global market for fairness
92
why was Greece in so much debt?
they continually lived above their means, you cannot borrow indefinitely
93
what was a large issue in Greece for paying back their debt
mass tax evasion
94
what occurred as a result of switching to the euro in greece
28% unemployment due to wage decreases as they had to become more efficient
95
FOR Grexit
it could make the most of its geographical location for trade
Position itself as a trading hub for the Middle East and balkans
96
AGAINST Grexit
50% food imported
80% energy imported
Trade balance would lead to financial collapse as no borrowing would be possible so increased living cost
97
what is a TNC
a transnational corporation meaning they work in more than 1 country
98
how do TNC work spatially
hierarchical model where they impose top down decision making
99
how many employees do BP have
67.7k
100
what is horizontal integration
Links between different firms at the same stage of production leading to reduction in competition, also achieving economies of scale
101
What is vertical integration
a company owns operation in all the stages of production within the same industry so they can control the supply chain and ensure quality
102
how do TNCs often dodge tax
they funnel around their funds so they receive tax breaks such as renting empty offices
103
issues with SEZ (special economic zones)
meant to encourage people to move to them to improve deprived areas but they mostly are taken of advantage of to pay less tax and relocate to there
104
What is a big issue with TNCs profits distribution
profits are often repatriated back to the HQ country
105
Containerisation
standardised containers are used to more efficiently transport goods worldwide
106
what is the issue of TNCs sponsoring sportspeople
It’s inappropriate for fast food companies to sponsor athletes
107
What’s the issue with TNCs sponsoring education
there are sponsorships in US schools to children who are most susceptible to adverts
108
what is glocalisation
Adapting what is on offer to consumers in different regions, the most successful TNCs are those with decentralised authority so they need the culture for selling to the local culture
109
how many bottles of coke a day are consumed?
1.9 billion
110
what shows the influence of coke in current culture
Father Christmas now wears red and white
111
social positives of coca cola
training and duration programs
Award grants globally
Massive direct and indirect employment
112
economic positives of coca cola
franchising means local bottlers profit per sale
New plants all the time allow expansion to all markets
Investment in new markets has driven growth
113
environmental positive of coca cola
marketing network has raised recycling awareness
Sustainable agriculture all schemes such as in China for rainwater
Replenishes the water it uses up
114
social negatives of coca cola
harsh working conditions at some plants
Millions spent on fake/illegitimate research
Workers encouraged to abandon unions such as Guatemala
115
economic negatives of coca cola
Long hours and low pay
Most profits goes to shareholders
Factories all subject to top down decision making
Sponsorship of COP27 was seen as a greenwashing attempt
116
Environmental negatives of Coca Cola
Local water stores over abstracted
Water pollution (India 2004)
Pesticide residue found in some products above the acceptable level in the EU
117
global Coca Cola revenue
$43 billion annually
118
how many brands does Coca Cola own
500
119
What was the Colombia Coca Cola controversy
workers were coerced into leaving workers unions and suggested to sometimes even be murdered if they didn’t comply, (they weren’t found guilty of this)
Filmmakers did not drop this despite their name being cleared so there was bad public reception
120
What is a black swan event
deviates beyond what is expected of a situation and extremely difficult to predict
121
What black swan event occurred in September 2008
banking crisis, sub prime mortgages resulted in lost faith and collapse of faith in banks
122
what black swan event happened in April 2010
Eyjafjnallajokull eruption cased flights to be grounded and trade to stop for weeks, causing severe consequences for those who worked in supply chains
123
How many people died in the Rana Plaza factory collapse?
1100
124
how many people were held to account in the Rana Plaza factory collapse
38 who were charged with murder
125
What agreement came in post Rana Plaza disaster to reduce the likelihood of similar events
ACCORD for worker safety
126
what is the issue with ACCORD
not all TNCs are signed up
127
benefits of reshoring to the UK
supply chain reduced in complication
China has got more expensive
More mobile and flexible to change
Stability of law and worker costs
128
problems of reshoring to the UK
lack of government grants
Little backing and support
Large initial costs
129
when did the Rana plaza disaster occur
April 2013
130
reasons for TNC growth
containerisation
Glocalisation
Homogenisation
Internet
FDI
131
motive for TNCs
profit (assuming in a capitalist society)
132
means for TNCs
investing overseas for legal and economic reasons
133
Mobility for TNCs
faster and cheaper
JIT production
Global production networks
134
what is the ERDF
european regional development fund
135
what does the ERDF do
public and private funding to EU bodies to reduce Social, economic and territorial disputes
Funds SMEs
136
what is the Cohesion fund
supports all countries <90% of income per capita of EU 27 countries
Mainly invests in trans European networks and environment
137
how many EU countries
27
138
What is a global common
an area that lies outside the political reach of any ONE nation
139
what is a trade deal
manages trade more specifically such as imposing tariffs, quotas and other restrictions
140
example of a trade bloc
EU
141
example of a trade deal
NAFTA (no longer exists), was replaced with the the USMCA
142
absolute advantage
a nation can use up fewer resources to produce a given item (land labour capital and enterprise)
143
bilateral trade is more frequent than what
unilateral trade
144
What was the downfall of the Asian tigers
asian tiger economies funded by debt defaulted on their payments and caused a ripple effect (speculative market failed to grow)
145
what is the Easterlin paradox?
income and happiness are linked until a point where they lose correlation ($75k)
146
+ves of SDT
special differential treatment can be good to make up for colonialism etc
Can help increase GDP in LDEs
147
-ves of SDT
Not very effective?
Some LDCs don’t take advantage
Some LDCs are taken advantage of
148
what is grameen bank
microfinance loans for the poor
Loans require multiple guarantors, to ensure the repayment
Won the Nobel Peace prize 2006
Protects people from loan sharks
149
critique of grameen bank
Can still lead to debt cycles, not addressing the root cause of lack of development
150
Examples of key IGOs
IMF WB WTO
151
what are the key IGOs used for
maintaining western capitalist dominance
152
+ves of the main IGOs
loans and trade policies
Almost universal membership
153
-ves of the main IGOs
HIPCs may not benefit form structural readjustment
154
what are HIPCs
highly indebted poor countries
155
example of a negative impact of the IMF and WB
Jamaica is in lots of debt, preventing development and growth
156
how much does Jamaica spend on debt repayment
2x as much as it spends of health and education combined
157
what was the first IGO
the UN
founded post WW2
158
negative incident at the UN’s presence
30 people died in 2014 even when there were peacekeepers 9km away
159
what can UN peacekeepers do
supposed to be able to intervene with economic and military sanctions
160
what has happened when UN peacekeepers don’t do their job
they may not be granted the correct rights to do their job, be poorly equipped and not have enough intel to stop the horrific situation
161
what are the 4 main commons
High Seas
Atmosphere
Antarctica
Space
162
what is the premises of global commons
it is in the best interest of everyone to manage them sustainably as they are key to survival and prosperity
163
what is the tragedy of the commons
where short term gain motivates excess consumption decreasing the utility of the resource for all adn depleting it for all
164
what is UNCLOS
UN countries on law of the sea
Legal framework for ocean protection
Safety for maritime access and equitable resource allocation
165
what are the 4 main impacts on Antarctica
natural resources
Fishing and whaling
Climate change
Tourism
166
how does teh search for resources affect antarctica
despite finding many resources, there has been a ban since 1991 for all mining
167
how does fishing and whaling affect antarctica
still occurs but very restricted, banned commercial whaling
Illegal fishing still occurs
168
What does japan still do despite protection in place
hunt and kill Minke whales for “research”
169
how does climate change affect antarctica
ice is under great threats, modifying the food chain as ice algae cannot grow
170
how do Visible impacts such as ice sheets collapsing occur
they occur due to long term constant processes but manifest as single obvious events
171
how thick can Antarctic ice sheets get?
4km
172
how does tourism affect antarctica
The unspoilt nature is harnessed as an economic resource
There is risk of litter, waste and spilled fuels (pollution)
173
how many annual tourists in Antarctica
50k
174
what is CCAMLR
convention on teh conservation of Antarctic marine living resources
To protect marine life such as assuring sustainable fishing practices occur
175
what was the Madrid protocol
measures to prevent pollution
Conservation of flora and fauna
Prohibits all activities relating to mineral extraction except scientific research
Mandates the assessment of environmental impacts that occur/will occur
176
why are krill important in Antarctica
they are the base of many food systems
They are a part of the most fragile ecosystem
177
how much krill is there in Antarctic waters
400 million tons - the same biomass as humans
178
how do krill benefit phytoplankton
they release iron in faeces which is used for photosynthesis
179
How much krill is used annually
413 million tons
180
how much is the krill oil industry worth
$2.25 billion
181
why is krill under threat from global warming
ocean acidification means krill will no be able to adapt as their larvae doesn’t survive it
182
what are krill used for in the food industry
they can be used to feed salmon so that they get a good pink colour
183
