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A Level Geography > Global Systems and Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems and Governance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation

A

The process by which national and regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through the global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation.

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2
Q

What is interdependence

A

Interdependence is the increasing interconnectedness between nations in various dimensions: economically, politically, socially and environmentally.

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3
Q

What is the shrinking world concept

A

It feels as if the world is getting smaller. We can get to places more easily and much faster due to increased flows of transportation.

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4
Q

What is the Time-space compression concept?

A

It is as if time is speeding up as technology improves and the world is easier to travel around + communicate faster.

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5
Q

What are the dimensions of globalisation

A

Flows of capital, labour, products, services and information.

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6
Q

What are the factors influencing globalisation 4.0

A

Cultural + social globalisation

Economic globalisation

Political globalisation

Environmental globalisation

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7
Q

How has cultural globalisation characterised globalisation 4.0

A

-Greater interconnectedness through technology

-Learning new skills

-International immigration - people can live anywhere due to multi-ethnic societies.

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8
Q

How has economic globalisation characterised globalisation 4.0

A

Increases in market competition which causes price fluctuations.

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9
Q

How has political globalisation characterised globalisation 4.0?

A

Some governments have become more nationalist recently, like Donald Trump implementing tariffs to reduce international trade.

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10
Q

How has environmental globalisation characterised globalisation 4.0

A

Increased dangers to environment - pollution/droughts/destruction

-Ecological constraints - COP big international meetings about the environment

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11
Q

flows of capital

A

The movement of money for purpose of investment, trade or business production

Major flows occur between:
Core regions, periphery regions, the IMF and the world bank

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12
Q

A flow from a core region to a periphery region

A

Development loans - to fund projects that will allow economic development

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13
Q

A flow from a periphery region to a core region

A

Migration - A workforce will travel to find work from a periphery to a core.

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14
Q

How does the focus of the World bank differ to the IMF

A

The world bank is often short term - disaster relief or loans to fund projects - to reduce poverty

The IMF is there to prevent large scale economic collapse and stabalise the economy.

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15
Q

What is a remittance

A

The money of good that migrants send back to family and friends in their origin country

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16
Q

Flows of labour

A

The movement of people who move to work in another country. Migration that will contribute to the workforce.

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17
Q

Flows of information

A

Information flows are governed by flows of people and speed of data, getting faster and faster as time goes on.

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18
Q

Flows of products

A

Flows of physical goods from one country to another. Globalisation has caused product flows to become international.

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19
Q

Flows of services

A

Services are ‘footloose’ industries, meaning they can locate anywhere without constraints from resources or other obstacles. e.g. international call centres.

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20
Q

What are the factors in globalisation

A

The development of technologies, systems and relationships, transport, security, communications, management, and trade agreements

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21
Q

Improvements in transportation

A

Containerisation - flows of goods improved.

Growth of low cost airlines

Growth of train travel and high speed rail networks

-Increases flows of trade, people and goods.

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22
Q

Improvements in IT and communication, and its effect on flows

A

Broadband internet has helped deliver mass connectivity globally

Significant amounts of data flow across the Earth’s ocean through fibre optic cables owned by national governments or TNCs

Increases flows of information, services.

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23
Q

Trade agreements and trade blocs, and its effect on flows

A

The bretton woods institutions: WTO, IMF + World bank

-LICs persuaded to embrace free market economies, to adopt a western model of trade

-National governments also promote the growth of trade blocs

Increases flows of trade, people, money

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24
Q

Security relationships and how its affected flows

A

Bretton woods institutions were established after WWII in the hope of making the world politically secure.

To prevent shocks of the 1920s and to stabalise the economy

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25
Management systems and its effect on flows
Global production networks (GPNs), extensive outsourcing of business partnerships. Needs to be managed by a TNC in the say way a team manages its players.
26
Economic interdependence
A mutual reliance between 2 or more economies
27
Why has economic interdependence increased
Advances in technology, communication, transportation have made it easier, cheaper to trade.
28
Political interdependence
How countries are reliant on each other to achieve common goals and maintain stability.
29
Examples of political interdependence
Countries work together within frameworks like international law and global governance institutions Countries depend on each other for diplomatic support, form alliances. International bodies such as the UN play a crucial role in promoting peace.
30
Social interdependence
How countries rely on each other culturally/socially.
31
Examples of social interdependence
Countries share educational resources - university collaborations Rapid exchange of medical knowledge and technological advancements Global media networks distribute shows globally e.g. Disney+, Netflix, Spotify
32
Examples of environmental interdependence
-Shared environmental responsibility in global commons. -Shared responsibility for countries being accountable for climate change
33
Why has environmental interdependence led to increased environmental threats?
Core nations may exploit the periphery nations, which can cause the damage or destruction of their environment.
34
Interdependence can lead to ____, ______, ______, or ______, _______, ______.
Interdependence can lead to development, stability, growth or inequalities, conflict and injustices.
35
Positive impacts of flows of people/labour
Jobs are filled, reducing unemployment -People can earn more elsewhere + fill skill shortages -Remittances can help LICs develop -Migrants pay tax and spend money
36
Negative impacts of flows of people/labour
-LICs lose younger, talented workers - the brain drain. -Loss of workers impacts economic growth -Too much dependance on remittances -Families become separated -Migrants can spread diseases
37
Positive impacts of unequal flows of information and technology
Allows TNCs to grow which benefits the HICs where they are based. Deregulation can encourage enterprise in all countries Free trade allows markets to develop and thrive, LICs can attract FDI
38
Negative impacts of unequal flows of information and technology
-Poor wages in LICs -Structural unemployment - skilled workers in HICs lose their jobs -Loss of jobs in HICs leads to the downward multiplier effect and therefore deindustrialisation.
39
Beneficial effects of interdependency
Remittances Labour flows Attracting FDI Capital flows to countries where TNCs are headquartered. Information flows
40
Negative effects of interdependency
Environmental degradation Worker exploitation Brain drain
41
What have the Bretton woods institutions been criticised for, regarding developing countries
They promote a free trade consensus' but have been criticised by many for forcing damaging policies on developing countries.
42
Who holds the most influence within the BW institutions
The USA over 15% voting power in both the IMF and World Bank.
43
What is comparative advantage?
The principle that countries can benefit from specialising in the production of goods at which they are relatively more efficient or skilled.
44
What is the possible benefit of comparative advantage?
The consumers within each country gain the maximum benefit from international trade.
45
What is free trade
International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
46
What is a tariff?
A taxation on imports, in order to protect domestic industry.
47
What is an import license
Licensing issued by a government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source.
48
What are trade restrictions
Import restrictions based on quality standards or the way they are produced.
49
What are subsidies
Grants awarded to domestic producers to make them more competitive against imported goods.
50
What is an import quota?
A physical limit set on the quantity of goods that can be imported.
51
Describe how countries can be interdependent
Every country has some resources/ goods + services that others don't have - therefore countries will rely on each other for these resources.
52
Why should a country produce a good that they have the best comparative advantage
It allows them to maximise their efficiency in trade.
53
How can tariffs protect a country's domestic industries
The tariff makes it more expensive to buy imported goods and so citizens buy the goods produced domestically.
54
What are the intentions of neoliberal policies
Try to make trade between different countries easier. They reduce tariffs and taxes to promote trade.
55
What is the USMCA
It is a trading group that seeks to bring the free trade between Mexico, Canada and the US.
56
Role of the WTO
To promote globalisation and free trade around the world
57
What are the drawbacks of interdependence?
What happens within one country can effect the global community. e.g. 2008 financial crisis, covid, can shut down free trade.
58
How does trade in the global economy affect peoples' lives?
Locally: Workers and small businesses compete for jobs with people worldwide. Offshoring.
59
What is the trend within regional trade
The growth of regional trade blocs has led to the decrease of trade barriers in some cases.
60
What is the trend regarding ethical trade
There is now growth within ethical trade, organisations such as fair trade.
61
Trend regarding volume of trade
Between 1990 - 2008, the volume of trade has increased by x8, but has since fluctuated.
62
What is happening to the pattern of trade?
The pattern of trade is changing, HICs remain the largest traders but NEEs are beginning to catch up.
63
Trends in global trade for LICs
LICs are joining global trade but growth is slow. In 2023 the 54 African countries only accounted for 3% of global trade.
64
What are the 5 main factors driving current patterns of global trade?
Comparative advantage Proximity Agglomeration Market size & strength Geopolitical relationships
65
How does comparative advantage drive patterns of global trade?
Countries specialising in producing and exporting goods can produce more efficiently at a lower cost, making them more dominant in global trade.
66
How does proximity drive current patterns of global trade
Countries are more likely to trade with their neighbours - it reduces transport costs.
67
How does agglomeration drive current patterns of global trade?
Industries may cluster together in a geographical area to share skills, information and save costs.
68
How does market size + strength drive current patterns of global trade
Exporters are drawn to larger, more affluent and growing markets where there is potential to increase sale volume.
69
How does geopolitical relationships drive current patterns of global trade?
Political alliances are important in determining which countries co-operate and trade with each other. Conflict can lead to sanction and trade embargos.
70
What is a trade embargo?
A partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country
71
What is the current trend regarding ethical investment
There has been a rise in ethical investment - companies who cause environmental/humanitarian damage are avoided by investors.
72
What is the trend of spending/investing globally
A person/company spends money in another country in order to generate a profit.
73
How has the pattern of investment shifted?
The pattern of investment has shifted from HICs to LICs to HICs to NEEs. OR A source of FDI is now NEEs e.g. China into Africa.
74
An example of China's FDI into African nations
Nigeria Calabar, Nigeria - Calabar free trade zone. A coastal railway, they invested $12.5 billion
75
What was the purpose of China's investment into Calabar, Nigeria? Why?
To move work for Chinese workers, and more access to Nigeria's developing people - selling them products. Form of soft power for China, and Nigeria needs money. Better infrastructure which stimulates trade for Nigeria.
76
USA trading relationships
-NAFTA (US, Canada and Mexico) -A protectionist economy so reluctant to join free trade -CAFTA-DR -Agreements with Australia, Israel, Singapore, Jordan and more
77
Trading relationships European Union
EU is a 'customs union' it is protectionist in its own way -Has 27 members that trade freely with each other -Bi-lateral trade deals with other countries, such as Australia, Singapore, Mexico. -Farmers in Belgium, France, Netherlands unhappy with cheap beef + sugar imports

A Level Geography (1 decks)

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