globalisation Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
what is globalisation
A
increasing interdependence between countries through flows of cpaital trade goods and services
2
Q
causes of globalisation
A
ec=influence of tncs, online purchasing, stocks traded across countries and currencies, p=trade blocs have become more influential, igos and worldwide media outlets, migration=spread of cultural and finance, tourism due to lower transport crisis, cultural=americanisation and westernisation
flow of commodities= goods are more easily transported, value of manufactured goods,
technology=internet, social networking sites and enormous server farms
3
Q
effects of globalisation
A
lengthening connections, depth in aspects of life, faster speed of connection, political=work together on political issues and unrest, economic= dependent on flows of labour in order for economy to grow
env=greenhouse emissions so countries rely on each other to protect the environment
social=rely on each other for leisure
4
Q
globalisation through history
A
started as steam power, jet aircraft, containerisation, telegraph cables, telephones, fibre optic, gps and the internet
5
Q
general pattern of globalisation manufacturing in emerging countries, consumption
A
manufacturing in emerging countries, consumption in developed countries- lower costs, less regulations,
6
Q
economism scale
A
widen supply top bring retail cost down
7
Q
geolocalisation
A
changing product to fit with audience/public perception
8
Q
give three examples of international organisations
A
world bank, world trade organization, international monetary fund
9
Q
what is the world bank and what do they do
A
1995, regulate international trade, trade liberlisation, no quotas, tariffs or embargoes
10
Q
what is the international monetary fund and what do they do
A
provideas loans from rich to poorer nations for development, the poorer countries must run free market economies and prioritise development in return
11
Q
what is the world bank and what do they do
A
lend money on a global scale for development projects, for example 470 million to the philippines
12
Q
what are trade blocs
A
groups of countries that form agreements to pormote trade and economic cooperation, reduce barriers or emliminate them, eg quotes, tariffs, embargoes, duties,
13
Q
intergation levels of trade blocs
A
-Preferential Trading Areas (PTAs)= trade agreement between eu and ledcs
-Free Trade Area (FTA)= 0 import tariffs remove non tariff barrier
-Custom Union (CU)= free trade arfea and common external tariff
-Common External Tariffs (CEF)= around the edge of FTA, raise tariffs, unattractive to those outside of agreement
-Stage Market (SM)= freedom of movement of goods, services, labour and financial capital
-Monetary Union (MU)=common currency , one monetary policy , interest rate and signal central bank, e.g. euro
14
Q
what is a bilateral free trade agreement
A
two countries only e.g. austrailia and china for aus raw materials and china slarge economy and their geographical proximity
15
Q
how is globalisation mesured
A
kof index; degreee of 122 countries, 1970-2002, 1-100 scale, based on economic, ssocial and political globalisation, singapore on list as it is a big financial centre, also due to connectivity and shiort travelling distance
16
Q
kof index factors
A
political= 39%, membership of igos and trade blocs, number of foreign embassies, participation in international treaties
social=24%, personal contact internationally, information flow, cultural promixity
economic=37%, long distance flow of goods and services and capital, flow of fdi
17
Q
what is the at kearney index
A
measure of globalised cities, due to political, communication, technology and political factors,
18
Q
what are the factors of at kearney index
A
economic integration=imports and exports, fdi
personal contact=telephone traffic, travel and tourism, remittances
techonologicxal activity= internet users, hosts and secure servers
political engagement=membership of igos
international treaties
number of embassies
19
Q
what are transnational corporations
A
operates in multiple countries, increase global flows of goods services capital and labour, more annual revenue that some gdp’s, for example walmart and sweden
20
Q
what are examples of tncs
A
walmart=2.2 million workers, 560b turnover,
amazon=1.3 million workers, 400b turnover,
disney have the most boats compared to navys
21
Q
what is offshoring
A
company works overseas either itslef or by using other companies
22
Q
what is outsourcing
A
work is sent to other countries such as bt in india, when tncs pay a third party to provide goods and services
23
Q
advantages of tncs in globalisation
A
could lead to lower costs, specialised work in particular products, higher quality, builds international relations, more future trade, legislation more relaxed to cut costs
24
Q
disadvantages of tncs in globalisation
A
logisitical issues, hold up in one country, political relations, large import tariffs, language barriers coiuld lead to difficult standards to maintain, could make mistakes
25
what is global chain value
interconnected networks of activities involved in production and delivery of goods, eg china cornered market in micrpochips and batteries in every smartphone and electric car, so when pandemic hit and production stopped it affected the world
26
benefits of global chain value
cheaper goods and services, more competition, reduction in aboslute poverty, faster transfer of ideas
27
what is deglobalisation
countires become less intergrated with global economy, due to conflict or political direction for example
28
what is global production network
tncs grow businesses worldwide, makemlinks via offsourcing and outsourcing partnerships
29
examples of glocalisation
mcdonalds in india-due to growth of middle class, increase in disposable income, 400 million dollars,
lego-did not glocalise, same products, different markets, only change language
30
case study of tncs
goldman sachs
-american
-investment banking company
-hq in manhattan, ny, us, located in london, birmingham, hong kong, singapore, india
-44,300 worker globally,
impact usa as they invest in public services, housing and invest in domestic small businesses, turnover of $46.25b in 2023
31
how do tncs impact globalisation
bring prosperity to new places or cause despair when businesses move on eg offshoring
32
negative multiplier effect
average incomes down, demand down, businesses fail, unemployment up, incomes down
33
what is leapfrogging
tnc moves production from one country to another, constantly, due to incentives to attract companies, lower corporation tax, provide advanced factories
34
how did mao tse chung affect china's globalisation
oversaw strict regime in 1949-76, leader of the communist party, 40-80 million deaths due to starvation, persecution and torture, when he did the economy opened up, from $20.6b in 1978 to $135b in 1991, increased 7 times over,
35
what happened to china after mao tse-chung's death
drive to global growth in 1978, 2 years after his death, chinese economic reform/chinese economic miracle/pinyin, socialism with chinese characteristics, socialist market economy, communist party still in control, invited tncs and created tncs,
36
what are the chinese tncs
haier, lenovo, huawei, alibaba, datang telecom
37
what are tncs located in china
at&t from usa, ge from usa, walmart from usa
38
what are special economic zones
industrial areas usually near the coastline, in china=xiamen, shenzhen, hainen, shantou, south east coast, tariff free, trade unions banned, infrastructure provided by gov, profit sent to hq, tax low, limited enviornmental regulations
39
what is the positive multiplier effect
positive spin offs following initial investment,
jobs and employment increase, incomes increase, disposable income rises, purchasing power increases, purchasing power increases, businesses increase, employment increases in businesses, tax revenue that can be invested in public services can be increased
40
what is cumulative causation
a model that explains why wealth is concentrated in certain places, globalisation increases this, local people find markets to attract employers , companies are also attracted by other companies in a location
41
what are export processing zones
governments encourage hub by allocating small industrial areaass on the coast designed to attract tncs, with low tax rates and exemption from duties, creates global ports
42
what are global ports
large ships and ports serve all around the world with tens and thousands of containers loaded e.g. panama canal
43
what are subsidies
free government grants given to business to locate in a particular area, keeps costs down, supports innovation, encourages fdi, only work in the short term due to leapfrogging
44
what is foreign direct investment
third party decides to invest in anonther country, wage rates, labour costs, size of economy and population, political stability, raw materials and physcial location and features
45
types of fdi
offsoring, foreign mergers, foreign acquistions, transfer pricing
46
what is a foreign merger
two firms in different countries join forces to create a single entity e.g royal dutch shell is from the uk and holland
47
what is a foreign acquistion
tnc launches a takeover of a country in another country eg kraft had a hostile take over of cadbury
48
what is transfer pricing
tnc sometimes channelled profits through a subsidiary (smaller) company in a low tax country eg in ireland as they are english speaking in the eu and have low corporation tax
49
who was the first country to industrialise
the Uk then the rest of europe thern the USA 1779 after independence
50
when did europe deindustrialise
1900, due to global shift since the 1960s industry vanished from europe and north america to asia south america and africa
51
tiger economies
average income increased in successive waves in the 1950s, Japan was 1st, South Korea was 2nd, then newly industrialised countries Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong in the 50s as well as RICs eg Philippines, Indonesia in the 80s
52
what is global economic shift
combination of offshoring outsourcing and new business start ups in emerging countries
53
positives of global economic shifts
poverty reduction-1 billion people out of absolute poverty, 500 million in china alone waged work to $10-100 a day from $2, wage inflation, infrastructure-development of motorway (ease of building due to less democracy), education and training-millions of graduates from 2500 unis from china india and s korea
54
negatives of global economic shift
unplanned settlements in cities such as spontaenous settlements in dharavi mumbai where sewerage system, 1 million people no roads,
55
deindustrialisation
decline of regionally important manufacturing industries
56
deindustrialisation in the uk
from the 1800 to 2000, work used to be 75% primary to 70% tertiary now 82% tertiary in 2024, coal mines and textiles closed, had a big toll in 1980s, eg leicester east midlands, seen as clothes of the world, textile mainly female workforce, now derelict and abanddoned, contaminated, deprived inner city near factories, unemployment in inner city goes up- lower education attainment, limited employment opportunities, lower wages, , live in inner city areas, quality of food, mental health and increase crime rates for drug related crimes
57
inner city spiral of decline
old factories close, land derelict, job lost, people leave inner city-brain drain- more jobs lost, house prices lower-elderly and low income stay-more run down-more crime- lower quality of life, measured by index of multiple deprivation
58
what is the hoyt model
model of city structure, inner city are dependent on major roads eg the a10
59
what is leciesters inner city transforming into
regeneration and gentrification, turning old warehouses into student accommodations eg for the university of leicester due to big student population
60
index of deprivation
a govt measure, produced every 3 years, most being 1 32,482 least, based on income, employment, health and disability, barriers to housing and services, crime and living environment
61
mega city
metropolitan area that exceeds 10 million in population
62
super city
metropolitan area that exceeds 5 million people
63
world/global city
city with major political and economic power, based on trade political strength, innovation and communication
64
trends in mega cities
none in africa, australia or africa apart from istanbul turkey which is considered asia, largest is in tokyo with 34 million
65
india rural to urban migration
delhi and mumbai attractive due to high wage job opportunities, however as it is close to the himalayas they have frequent earthquakes,
66
push factors to migration to mumbai
fewer services, lack of job opportunities, unhappy life, poor transport links, natural disaster, wars, shortage of food
67
pull factors to migration in mumbai
access to services, better job opportunities, entertainment facilities, better transport links, improved living conditions, hope for better life, family links
perception of living due to word of mouth, flows of technology, radio clockwork and tv, mobile phone ownership
68
hyper urbanisation
5 billion predicted to live in ur an areas by 2030, in new delhi= grown by 40% between 2010-20, due to natural increase, 34 million, half of uk population, rural poor want job opportunities, rural rich want better SOL, kusumpur pahari= spontaneous settlement and squatter settlement, unplanned, no roads, 1.6 million live in squatter settlements, do not have qualifications for financial sector, jobs for graduates, some from overseas pulled due to pay, not helping those from squatter settlements, , attraction due to job creation, fdi due to financial companies, global financial hub, lucrative for coca cola and microsoft, , other jobs available in tertiary sector not well paid
69
social challenges of hyper urbanisation
spread of disease, lack of public services, provision of services such as housing and education, squatter settlements and homelessness due to space for squatter settlements being unavailable and unaffordable
70
environmental challenges of hyperurbanisation
air quality index is severe plus according to WHO, killing people, stop flights and school, private companies provide services for employees such as accommodation and electricity, wealthier areas have piped, potable water
71
enclave
particular parts of cities with large population of an ethnic/religous group
72
what global hub
switched on places possessing qualities that make other places want to connect with them such as London New York and Paris and Tokyo-global financial centres, or major tncs operate there, diverse culture due to flows of people finance trade and ideas
73
what are elite migrants
highly skilled, socially influential, wealth from profession or inheritied assets, multiple homes in multiple countries (global citizens), encounter few obstacles to movement,
74
examples of elite migrants
bought some of the most expensive property in london, for example the shard, canary wharf, harrods, olympic stadium, invest in london as it is respected and has a good reputation, the gulf is the new wealth , own barclays, heathrow, stock exchange, sainsbury's (business investment), russia boought 1/3 of all residential properties on sale in london between 2004-14, leading to price inflations so high locals cannot afford homes, russian oligarchs= rich business leaders and large political influcence eg Roman Ambrovich former owner of Chelsea and oil rich business, Oleg Penipaska an energy typhoon, porperty portfolio, occurred after 1990s dissolution of soviet union, Uk govt encouraged this through foreign investment visa routes-1/5 were russian, £27bn invested since 2000
75
impact of russia-ukraine war
sanctions=uk govt sanctioned and froze banka ccounts, trade embargoes/unable to do trade, used interests from accounts to fjund ukrainian weaponry
76
pros of elite migration
increase consumption, consumer spending, in places like harrods, designer stores, selfridges, generate money in economy and increase jonbs, positiver multiplier, spend on resturants eg sexy fish in grosvenor square, michelin starred, entertrainment such as russian ballet, opera and classical music, atrract other wealthy migrants which causes more fdi
77
cons of elite migration
price inflation of housing, locals can no longer afford luxury homes, price out locals, becom targets of KBG-russian intelligence, as wealthy are leaving russia and warns other oligarchs not to leave
78
evaluation of russian oligarchs in london
collapse of communism in 1991 led to the migration, 2014 it increased significantly due to crimea in ukraine being annexed, also changed in 2021 as ukraine was invaded, the uk froze russian bank accounts and assets, some even seized under the proceeds of crime act 2002, sadiq khan called for the £1 billion in property to be sole to fund 4,000 new homes, as well as many being killed suspiciously-which increases russian power and has led to a new wave in oligarchs from qatar which fill in the gap
79
low wage migrants- uae and qatar
wealthy but have massive labour shortages due to small populations, 90% of workforce is migrant, mostly from nepal, india, bangaldesh and pakistan, risk of deportation on fixed contracts, rapid building of infrastructure, most of population is male and between 25-45
80
benefits of host locations in migration
skilled foreign workers-human capital increases do jobs domestic workers dont, sustain lifestyle of middle class, balance ageing population,
81
benefits of source locations in migration
experience reduced unemployment and earn remittance payments meaning families can spend in economy-however it is only temporary
82
costs of host and source location in migration
pressure on public services on hosts and loss of skilled workers/ brain drain which impact economic growth and imbalance population as young leave/dependent culture on source locations
83
what is western civilisation
western europe, usa, canada, australia, new zealand, due to clothing, art, music, philosophy, food, tv/movies, cars, architecture, sport, democracy, customs, industrialisation, culture of greeks created a foundation
84
westernisation
fast food such as burger king, mcdonalds, mostly american, go to areas with high disposable income, starbucks have similar number of outlets around the world to Mcdonalds but its growth has been more recent, 5,000 outlets in china alone which is creating a new culture
85
what is cultural imperialism
tncs dominate global culture so much that they change people's culture and behaviour
86
what are the exceptions to westernisation
cuba as it was under communist control of fidel castro who was a leader for decades, between 1959 to 2008, revolutionary, Marxist and Leninist, view that govt should own all businesses and industry, one party socialist state, survived 634 assassination attempt by CIA, 200 miles from usa and had the ability to attack with russian missles, -led to Bay of Pigs 1961 which was a failed attempt to invade cuba, lead to cuban missile crisis in 1962
changed occurred in 2008 as castro left and communist controls have relaxed and free enterprise was allowed for the first time since the 1950s
87
benefits of ethnic enclaves
more supported and protected, clustering increases political power and influence local decision making,
88
ethnic enclaves
develop due to group protection-building and supporting their own economy, safety in numbers, feel less hositle, langugae barriers racial discrimination, making employment difficult, create a community and economy on their own, living in cheaper poor quality housing, less investment in education and healthcare
89
drawbacks of ethnic enclaves
socially isolated communities such as elderly women unable to speak english-lack of assimilation
90
examples of ethnic enclaves
brick lane-e1-east london-bengali
stamford hill/golders green-north london-jewish
91
how can you identify an ethnic enclave
street furniture/signs in different languages, cuisine, services like a mosque, may be socially isolated
92
whats is currently happening in ethnic enclaves
gentrification- redevelopment to attract new higher income demographics, pushes locals out, 80% of curry houses closed on brick lane used for this, eg spitalfields markets-rapid change driving out the bengali population and inviting higher middle class incomes
93
stamford hill as an ethnic enclave
houses 6,500 families of hasidic jewish descent 90 synagogues 30 orthodox schools, due to 18th century eastern europe migration as they were fleeing persecution, russian jewish refugees, 70% settled in the west end, has jewish bakeries and kosher food stores and restaurants
94
what type of population does the jewish stamford hill population have
polarised-either very large or very small, for safety reasons as a result of antisemitism and persecution by russians and germans
95
problems with stamford hill ethnic enclave
encourage hostility,can become a target, skylock character(shakespearan moneylender), communities tend to be successful-famous for jewellery stores and property(jealousy)
96
what is global homogenisation
cultures blend with each other around the world, loss of individual culture, westernisation or americanisation, example is the navajo tribe-indegenious to the usa, 170,000 speakers in the usa, in wwii the navajo people had a small speaking population so conversations were encrypted and germany could not understand, there are 5 million native americans in the us now speak english due to diversity, language is dying, population make money through casions on coast where gambling is legal,80% live spread through us 20% live in reservation, highest alcoholism rate
97
what is cultural diffusion
when certain cultural values, ideas, and cultures are adopted by different cultures- either blend or merge with other cultures and adopted culture-levels of proximity and influence
98
what are examples of cultural diffusion
the uk national dish being chicken tikka masala-an indian dish and the uk being impacted by us film, media, music and fashion
99
reasons for cultural diffusion
indian migration is deeply through historical/colonial links- us and uk have big historical links
100
what are cultural traits
shared beliefs with a country/region, norms and values that are set apart, language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions and popular culture
101
what is considered british culture
weather, tea, pubs, queuing, royal family, football
102
what is the distribution of laws on same sex marriage
gay marriage is legal in n. america and some of s. america, western europe and scandinavia, oceania and south africa
imprisonment-libya, syria, nigeria, somalia, bangladesh
death penalty-saudi arabia, iran, yemen, maurtania, iran, sudan
103
why is there a divide in lgbt laws
difference in cultural acceptance and tolerance is largely based on religion however exemptions include russia, whom is neutral but has prosecuted people in 2017
104
french cultural erosion case study
franglais is more popular than french due to north and west african migration, eg le top, le sandwich, le weekend, le binge drinking, protectvie of culture, subsidise french production of french tv and film by 40%, in terms of politics in 1997 40% of eu documents were in french and 45% english in 2006 it is now 14% french and 72%english, in 2020 it is now 7%, in terms of cuisine french chefs are imitating usa, uk, and japan chefs and everyday french food is now mcdonalds and pizza, in terms of traditions, they have lost their traditional arts and crafts eg fine art as well as fashion as they have beeen influenced by the rest of the west, to combat this, govt have said all migrants must learn french
105
types of cultural diffusion
direct-two cultures are close resulting in trade and intermarriage-us and uk, norway and swedish, france and luxembourg, england and wales
forced-one culture conquers another and forces culture on the people
106
example of positive impact of globalisation on positive values
disability in china was once a taboo, as only 25% of people with disabilities were able to find work due to discrimination, china raised awareness through sport eg the paralympics which helped to change public perception in conjunction with legislation , now more than 50% are employed
107
how does globalisation lead to cultural diffusion
-global trade makes new products available to new markets (TNCs)
-migration and the spread ideas and customs (social norms and law changes)
-global media-access to worldwide tv and film
-tourism- in contact with new cultures
-technology/communication
108
what is the development gap
widening gulf between richest/most develop countries and poorest/least developed
-refers to economic and human development of a country eg weatlh and qol
109
how has globalisation impacted the development gap
led to improvement in development for many countries-widening development gap between countries
110
what is gnp
gross national product- value of all the goods and services earned by a country including companies working abroad
111
what is gdp
gross domestic product- value of all goods and services earned by a country excluding foreign earnings
112
what is per capita
statisitics providing an average per person
113
what is purchasing power parity
average earnings related to local prices and what spending power they will buy, reflects local cost of living
relates average earnings to prices and what they will actually buy you
114
what is physical quality of life index
composite measure made of life expectancy, literacy rates, and infant mortality
115
what is the human development index
made up of life expectancy, literacy rates, infant mortality and school enrolment
116
what is the human suffering index
made up of daily calorie intake, access to clean water, inflation rate, access to communications, political freedom and civil rights
117
what is the gender inequality index
a composite measure relfacting inequality in acheivements between women and men in three dimensions od reporductive health, empowerment and the labour market
118
which country has the leading gdp/ economy size
usa, china is close and coming up, japan 3rd and the uk 7th
119
who has the highest gdp per capita
highest =small affluent countries eg monaco, lichenstein and luxembourg as well as financial centres , little impact on global economy
$50,000+=western offshoots (us, canada, nz, australia
$40,000+=western europe
$20,000+=eastern europe due to being former ussr and communist states
$10,000>=subsaharan africa
120
what is real gdp
gdp when inflation is taken into account
121
where is real gdp high
se asia due to newly developed manufacturing presence
122
what are the two types of ways to measure development
economic-industrial focus on wealth of a country, measured in us dollars
human/social-development indicators used to assess wellbeing of a nations people
123
types of ways to measure development in terms of indexes
composite-combination of multidimensional concepts eg human and economic
single-usually measures economic value
124
what is hdi
-composite measure of three concepts-gdp per capita, life expectancy at birth, years of expected schooling
-highest is 1 making it easier to compare, uk=0.929, lowest ranges around sub saharan africa
-limitations: exclusion of important indicators eg political freedom, gender equality and access to clean water, inaccuracy of data as it is outdated and could be subject to manipulation by some govts, inequaltiies and regional disparities in countries are not outlined, neglect of environmental sustainability
125
what is the gender inequality index
measured through 6 concepts: gender wage gap, education disparities, healthcare disparities, female labour force participation, political representation, access to credit
-countries with the least gender inequality include north america, western europe and australia
-countries with the most gender inequality include middle east, subsaharan africa, south america
anomalies include saudi arabia and uae but have had recent chnages to once strict islamic laws, to accommodate football and tourism from west
brazil is an anomaly as they have a patriarchal society
126
causes of gender inequality
low income countries have high gender inequality due to traditional norms and stereotypes, limited access to education, healthcare disparities-gender based violence, conflict and disagreement-women are forced to flee while men fight
127
what is maternal mortality rate and what does it indicate
indicates level of healthcare, government priorities, priority of women's healthcare, women's right;culture and tradition
128
what does the percentage of population working in agriculture
indicates most people are substience farming,low education levels, low literacy rates, low human capital, low tax revenue, poor infrastructure and public services, low purchasing power, local business struggles, eg burundi have the highest % at 92%, mostly sub saharan african, difficult to develop quickly
129
what is inequality
unequal distribution of resources or outcomes in society in terms of income, wealth, education, healthcare or political power
130
two types of inequality
income-amount of money people earn
and wealth
131
4 components of income inequality
salary=fixed pay every month
wage=paid per hours work
interest on savings
stocks and shares->dividend payments
132
what is the lorenz curve
graphical representation of distribution of income or wealth in a society, can calculate gini coefficient
133
what is the gini coefficient
measure of income and wealth inequality, gives one number which measures inequality
134
what happens the uk lorenz curve
high percentage of rich decile low percentage of low decile, large gap, the further away from line of equality the higher the inequality
135
What is inequality like in china
High and increasing, most people are paid low wages in farming, factory workers export low value products still paid poorly, which is where a majority of the population is employed, the more wealthy area is the eastern seaboard of china eg Beijing and Shanghai, financial centres and centres of government and industry, long coastline for port trade and a strong export economy, average incomes go down as you go west, china took Tibet in 1951 and migrated many Chinese to inhabit there to prevent upheaval, mainly mountainous area which creates more boarders for china so more geopolitical power
136
Chongqing china as a cs to inequality
Inland city, have the threee gorges dam which creates jobs and hydroelectric power for industry, however it flooded local area and displaced many people, creates environmental issues and habitat decreases, increase in smog and poorer air quality, one of the most polluted in the world, thirty million population, more than 285 million gallons of raw sewage pumped into Yangtze River, decrease water quality
137
Ways to combat inequality in china
Cut salaries of ceos of state owned enterprise to create wealth redistribution in terms of public services, middle class act as social stabilisers, system of micro financing and micro loans however it is a large population so it is expensive
138
New Malden case study
In Kingston upon Thames, south London, Korean ethnic enclave, 25% (25,000) are Korean, have a society to support new residents in assimilate, started as South Korean embassy was located there at first, house prices were relatively cheap, close amenities, Samsung hq was first located also there, attracted other Korean companies, occurred in the 1990s after freedom of movement in Korea increased, very good schools in area also attracted Koreans due to views on education, well integrated with other ethnicities, also the highest no of North Koreans (1000), seem as little Pyongyang, own culture due to regimes, refugees, many signs are in Hangul (korean), harmonious and safe, successful due to low crime rate and hate crime, compared to Brixton which is the opposite due to difference in education and average incomes
139
How has globalisation created tension in spain
Melilla, overseas territory in North Africa, caused conflict and tension
, hostility due to border for migrants from Africa
140
Three ways London. Has beignets effected by globalisation
-European Union has created free movement to the uk and away
-Fdi was attracted from european business in research and development
-Freedom to invest also means thousands of British businesses are foreign owned
141
Negative impact on Melilla and Ceuta
Both overseas territories of Spain in Morocco, seem as a place to cross borders for sub Saharan Africans, conquered in 1497, tight security and high fences, in 2022 the Melilla massacre occurred, 22 died, 1700 tried to cross the border, mostly Sudanese, 133 got asylum 470 were sent back, the Canary Islands also suffer from this,
142
Two examples of extremism due to ethnic enclaves
Bataclan theatre in Paris -130 killed, 416 injured, 7 attackers killed, done by radicalised Muslims
Attack on Charlie hebdo hq after controversial satire article, 2015, 12 killed, embarrassed French intelligence, claimed to be part of al Qeada, done by two Algerian Muslim brothers
Can be due to feelings of marginalised or discrimination
143
What is nationalism
Fascism and nationalism-identification with ones nation and support for interest, at the expense of exclusion and detriment to other nations
144
Which countries have a growing far right
-Netherlands has a far right govt-anti Islamist, strong opposition to immigration and housing and cost of living crisis
-Italy have a far right govt
-golden dawn group in Greece are new nazi
-northern league in Italy are anti immigrants
-French national front also the became pm
-German national socialists
-Reform uk-stand for anti immigration
-USA is also focused on immigration
145
what countries have the highest and lowest gender discrimination/ gender pay gap
south korea and japan as they are traditional socieities, still high in the usa, low in new zealand at 4.2%, around 26.8% in the uk after narrowing but is still significant
146
reasons for gender pay discrimination
-lack of work experience as a result of career interruptions- motherhood penalty
-large proportion of part time work due to maternity
-occupational segregration
-direct discrimination
-lack of representation in leadership
147
what proportions of ceos are women
6% of ceos for the top 1000 companies are female, now changing, however female led companies are statistically more successful,
148
what roles do females and males tend to work in
female=early years education, teaching, social care, retail
male=engineering, construction, finance
149
methods of attempt to control globalisation
censorship, limit immigration, trade protectionism
150
what is censorship
limiting and controlling the spread of information through government policy
151
examples of countries with high censorship
-north korea-no access to the internet( only high ranking govt officials and diplomats), one of the most extreme as all media is from korean central news agency, absolute authority over press, push govt narrative, tvs preset to govt frequencies, no access to western ideas which could be subversive
-china= great wall of china which blocks many websites including youtube, ebay, skype and facebook, seek to prevent harmful discussion by blocking politically sensitive topics-taiwan, concentration camps, tiamanese square
mostly former communist countries
152
countries with strict immigration
hungary-far right govt, denmark-far right govt, poland-after ukraine refugees, usa-mexican wall, australia-points system
153
what is trade protectionism
use of tariffs-tax on imported goods, quotas-limit on goods imported, and embargoes-ban on goods imported
highest in usa, russia and india
154
what are sanctions
when countries prevent another country from operating internationally- highest in russia due to ukraine invasion and iran as they are an ally
155
How does the Mekong river affect china
Owns a half of the length, upper basin is mountainous, souther is the poorest in china, damming creates a source of hep which could encourage economic development
156
How does the Mekong river affect thailand
36% in Mekong basin, water and electricity would be used for industrial development which could aid rural investment
157
How does the Mekong river affect myanmar,
Least affected by dam proposals, several tributaries unaffected, no plans to build dams, if they did it would affect water flow down stream
158
How does the Mekong river affect cambodia
Nearly entirely in Mekong basin, dependent on flooding to grow rice, lack of reliable energy leads to depletion of forests for firewood, hep would increase economic development but displaces villages from fertile land beside the river
159
How does the Mekong river affect vietnam
Delta is a fertile area of 50000 km3, supports 40% of population, annual floods,support rice growth, dam upstream would reduce flow to Vietnam, 10% already lost
160
How does the Mekong river affect laos
One of the world’s poorest countries, 90% of population depend on Mekong for agriculture, from tributaries, dams or flood control would reduce down stream flow
161
Trans border water conflicts-Mekong river
South East Asian river, 4200 km from china through to Myanmar, Laos, Thailand , Vietnam, in the 1990s more dams were built which were controversial, in 1995 Mekong river agreement treaty was signed which meant all countries must agree to new dam proposals, which means they share water allocation eg the xayaburi dam in Laos where water is taken upstream affecting water flow downstream to Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, benefits from employment and water while Thailand benefits from electricity generated and have financed it, in 2011, 11 more dams where proposed- 9 of which were by Laos
162
what are first nations
indigenous peoples from canada who are not metis or inuit, aboriginals= indian/ first nations, metis and inuit
163
what is metis
mixed first nation and european ancestry
164
what is inuit
culturally similar group of indigenous peoples inhabiting the arctic regions of greenland, canada, and alaska
165
what is the cultural identity of canada in relation to the indigenous people
indigenous had land taking from them during clonial rule in 18th and 19th century, efforts made to acknowledge rights of first nation through compensation, cases of resource exploitation in canada have caused conflict with traditional communities and canadian govt, accused of supporting tncs against indigenous landholders, 6/21 proposed resource projects were collapsed after protests of traditional communities
166
what projects were collapsed due to protests from traditional communities in the cultural identity of canada
-fracking in new brumwick
-oil sands and shale mining in alberta aka bakken project
-trans mountain pipline in alberta and vancouver
-pacific trails pipeline
167
how is the issue of indigenous and canadian govt being settled
settle claims about ownership and royalties with first nation representatives as conflicts are likely to increase and resource exploitation increases
168
what is the jumbo wild in canada
glacier resort in traditional territory of ktunaxa nation, 6000 hectarces, local residents strongly oppose development for environmental, economic and spiritual reasons however it has continued
169
key players in jumbo wild, canada
qat'muk is the ktunaxa name of lands in the core, there is a grizzly bear spirit, which creates a spiritual and cultural importance
170
for and against jumbo wild
for= economic growth as it would boost local economy through increases tourism and job creation, improved infrastructure development will benefit local communities
against=evironmental impact asit threatens critical habitat for grizzly bears, disrupt wildlife corridors, seen as sacred place, wilderness preservation is neede dfor sutainability, fire hazard to wildfires with limited access for emergency services
171
What are transition towns
Movement in an area to help promote local sourcing
172
Why are transition towns needed
Global supply chains fulfil demands of hics to fight against geographical and seasonal boundaries, countries like Kenya whom sacrifice their own food needs to export and support economy
173
What is localism in action and an example of it
Local shopping supports local production and consumption of goods, extends to local control of govt, local history culture and identity, movement started in 2005 in uk, response to threat of climate change, peak oil, Bristol pound introduced which encourage people to spend in local businesses
174
What is an ecological footprint
Measure of land area and water resources a country’s population needs to produce what it consumes and absorb waste generated using current tech, global ecological footprint per capita is equal to bio capacity per capita, Luxembourg is first with 15.8 global hectares
175
Costs of a transition town
-threatens global economic growth, reduce demand for overseas item, rely on throw away culture
-more expensive to locally source especially on low incomes
-tomatoes growth in uk greenhouses in winter use masses of energy
-some services are coordinated centrally and hard to influence
176
Benefits of transition towns
-multiplier effect, employment increases, involvement in local economy
-reduce waste, pollution and environmental damage
-reduction in carbon footprint
-more growth of organic food which is good for health
177
Totnes Devon transition towns case study-projects, objectives, impacts
Birthplace of the transition movement, began in 2006, founded to respond to climate change challenges, peak oil, economic instability, community led sustainability
Objectives=reduce reliance on fossil fuels, strengthening local economy, promoting community cohesion and equality, encouraging sustainable living practices
Projects=average reduction of 1.27 tonnes of co2 per household did solar ov instalments through low carbon communities challenge grant, transition streets program of 500 households, saving £601 annually reduced co2 emissions by 1.2 tonnes per household, totnes pound introduced to retain money in local economy, and support local businesses, discontinued in2019, increased local food production and free public access to fresh produce, community resilience forum, community gardening initiative, community electric bike project for small annual fee for shared bike use
Impacts=difficulty engaging disadvantaged groups, governance issues and need for more social entrepreneurship, value action gap with intentions being not always taken measures
178
