GLOBALISATION and CRIME In CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Question 1

What is GLOBALISATION

Answer 1

the IDEA that the WORLD is BECOMING MORE INTERCONNECTED and INTERDEPENDENT With EACH OTHER, Through Economies

Question 2

What does CASTELLS argue about the GLOBAL CRIMINAL ECONOMY?

Answer 2

• is a GLOBAL CRIMINAL ECONOMY Worth Over £1 TRILLION Per ANNUM -> Takes Place In Number of Forms: Arms Trafficking, Cyber Crime, Green Crimes
• the GLOBAL CRIMINAL ECONOMY has BOTH a DEMAND and SUPPLY SIDE. PART of the REASON For the SCALE of TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME Is the DEMAND For it’s PRODUCTS and SERVICES In the Rich West
• HOWEVER, The Global Criminal Economy COULD’T FUNCTION WITHOUT a SUPPLY SIDE that PROVIDES the SOURCE Of the DRUGS, Sex Workers and SERVICES DEMANDED In the WEST

Question 3

What does Neo Marxist TAYLOR argue about to DO GLOBALISATION and CAPITALSIM / W/C

Answer 3

• GLOBALISATION has LED to CHANGES In the PATTERN and EXTENT Of CRIME - By GIVING FREE REIN To MARKET FORCES, GLOBALISATION has CREATED GREATER INEQUALITY and RISING CRIME
• Globalisation has CREATED CRIME at BOTH ENDS Of the SOCIAL SPRECTURUM -> has ALLOWED TNC’s to Switch MANUFACTURING to LOW WAGE COUNTRIES -> PRODUDCS JOB INSECURITY, UNEMPLOYMENT and POVERTY
• MARKETISATION has ENCOURAGED PEOPLE to SEE THEMSELVES as INDIVIDUAL CONSUMER
• LR’s note INCREASINGLY MATERIALISTIC CULTURE PROMOTED By MEDIA -> LIFESTYLE -> CREATE INSECURITY , RELATIVE DEPRIVATION -> WIDENS INEQUALITY -> ENCOURAGES People, Especially THE POOR to COMMIT CRIME

Question 4

Explain the PATTERN of CRIMINAL ORGANISATION - HOOBS & DUNNIGHAM - ‘GLOCAL ORGANISATION’

Answer 4

• found the WAY CRIME is ORGANISED Is LINKED To the ECONOMIC CHANGES BROUGHT By GLOBALISATION
• INCREASINGLY, it INVOLVES INDIVIDUALS With CONTACTS ACTING As a ‘HUB’ AROUND which a Loose-Knit NETWORK FORMS, Composed of OTHER INDIVIDUALS SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES, often LINKING LEGITIMATE and ILLEGITIMATE ACTIVITIES
• argue this CONTRASTS with the Large Scale HIERARCHAL ‘MAFIA’ STYLE CRIMINAL ORGANISATIONS Of the PAST
• ESPECIALLY with the DRUGS TRADE -> LOCAL CONTEXT -> People STILL NEED LOCAL CONTACTS + Network To FIND OPPORTUNITIES to SELL DRUGS -> Crime WORKS as a ‘GLOBAL’ System - LOCALLY BASED But with GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

Question 5

Explain the PATTERN of CRIMINAL ORGANISATION - McMAFIA

Answer 5

• ORGANISATION that EMERGED in RUSSIA and EASTERN EUROPE FOLLOWING the FALL of COMMUNISM
• TRACES ORIGINS of TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CULTURE to the BREAK UP of SOVIET which COINCIDED With the DEREGULATION of GLOBAL MARKETS.
• PRICES INCREASE in THINGS OUTSIDE of GOVERNMENT CONTROL, Apart from Russia’s NATURAL RESOURCES
• OLIGARKS would HIRE MARFIA For PROTECTIONS FROM STATE
• are DRIVEN by ECONOMIC SELF-INTEREST and WITH The PROTECTION and ASSISTANCE of Violent CRIMINAL ORGANSATIONS, BILLIONAIRES WOULD PROTECT Their WEALTH -> OLIGARCHS and CRIMINALS WORKING TOGETHER

Question 6

What are 2 WAYS that GLOBALISATION has AFFECTED CRIME

Answer 6

• DISORGANISED CAPITALISM
• GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY

Question 7

Explain how GLOBALISATION has AFFECTED CRIME Through DISORGANSIED CAPITALISM

Answer 7

• LASH & URRY - GLOBALISATION has Been ACCOMPANIED By LESS REGULATION and FEWER STATE CONTROLS Over Business and Finance
• CORPORATE now OPERATE TRANSNATIONALLY in GLOBAL MARKETS, MOVING MONEY and MANUFACTURING WORLDWIDE to COUNTRIES Where PROFITS are HIGHER and LABOUR COSTS are LOWER where HEALTH and SAFETY and ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION REGULATIONS are LESS DEMANDING and LESS LIKELY to BE ENFORCED Than in Western Counties
• This Process had LED to FEWER JOB OPPORTUNITIES and MORE JOB INSECURITY and INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT In DEVELOPED COUNTRIES and INTENSIFIED EXPLOITATION Of the LABOUR FORCE in DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. - This has Been ACCOMPANIED BY a REDUCTION In STATE PROVISION In AREAS like HEALTH and WELFARE
• These FACTORS UNDERMINE SOCIAL COHESION and COMBINED With the LACK of OPPORTUNITY FUEL CRIME, e.g. STREET CRIMES, as PEOPLE Search for ALTERNATIVE OPPORTUNITIES of OBTAINING the CONSUMERIST LIFESTYLE PROMOTED By the MEDIA

Question 8

Explain how GLOBALISATION has AFFECTED CRIME Through GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY

Answer 8

BECK - GLOBALISATION has CREATED a ‘GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY’ -> has ADDED to the INSECURITY and UNCERTAINTY of LIFE in LATE MODERNITY.
- People BECOME MORE ‘RISK CONSCIOUS’ and FEARFUL of THINGS Like LOSING THEIR JOBS, Having their COMPUTER HIT by VIRUSES and TERRORISM. - the CAUSES of These RISKS are OFTEN LOCATED GLOBALLY and its NOT EASY to IDENITITY Who’s RESPONSIBLE. The MEDIA PLAY on THESE FEARS, with MORAL PANIC Induced by OVERBLOWN, SENSATIONALISED REPORTING of EVNTS like GROWING SOCIAL DISORDER Allegedly Posed BY people such as MIGRANT WORKERS and ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
- can FUEL HATE CRIMES where PEOPLE are ATTACKED/ABUSED BECAUSE of Their ETHNICITY or RELIGION as it MARKS THEM as DIFFERENT

Question 9

What is GREEN CRIME

Answer 9

CRIMES that CAUSE DAMAGE or HARM to the ENVIRONMENT

Question 10

GREEN CRIME - Explian GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY and the ENVIRONMENT

Answer 10

BECK (1992) - NEW TECHNOLOGIES in the INDUSTRIAL WORLD have GIVEN RISE to MANUFACTURED RISKS (e.g. Nuclear, Chemical Weapons, Environmental Pollution) which GENERATE NEW DANGEROUS WORLDWIDE -> AFFECTING LIVES and the PLANET.
- these MANFUCURED risks -> GENERATING FORMS of HARM DIFFERENT From THOSE of the PAST -> TAKING us To the EDGE of CATASTROPHE
- argues EMERGENCE of GREEN CRIME is PART of the NEW RISKS, BRINGING NEW PATTERNS of CRIME which can BRING NEW CONSEQUENCES we Can’t Control

Question 11

How do TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLIGTS View GREEN CRIME

Answer 11

• PLACES Environmental Crime within a LEGAL DEFINITION, an ACT that BREAKS The LAW
• SITU and EMMONS - CRIMES AGAINST the ENVIRONMENT are AREAS that BREAK GLOBAL LAWS and are Therefore SUBJECT to PROSECUTION
  argues this MAKES it EASIER FOR the CJS to PROSECUTE THOSE who COMMIT GREEN CRIMES

Question 12

How do GREEN CRIMINOLIGTS View GREEN CRIME

Answer 12

REJECT the DEFINITION of GREEN CRIME by TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLGISTS.
- USE BROADER DEFINITION -> See GREEN CRIME as One that BRINNGS HARM to NATURAL ENVIRONMENT REGARDLESS of WHETHER the LAW is BROKEN Or NOT

Question 13

What is PRIMARY GREEN CRIME

Answer 13

• THOSE CAUSING DEGRADATION and DESTRUCTION Of the EARTH’S RESOURCES ; OFTEN NOT SEEN as BREAKING ANY CRIMINAL LAW

Question 14

What are 3 TYPES of PRIMARY GREEN CRIME

Answer 14

• CRIME of AIR POLLUTION
• CRIME of DEFORESTATION
• CRIME of WATER POLLUTION

Question 15

Explain the PRIMARY GREEN CRIME - AIR POLLUTION

Answer 15

BURNING of FOSSIL FUEL -> RELEASE CARBON Into ATMOSPHERE
Potential CULPRITS are INDUSTRY and GOVTS as well as CONSUMERS Through VECHCLES and PLANES.
BURNING of CORPORATE WASTE

Question 16

Explain the PRIMARY GREEN CRIME - DEFORESTATION

Answer 16

RISING DEMAND For MORE FOOD and HUMAN RESOURCES have Meant FORESTS have Been LOST to PAVE WAY for AGRICULTURAL and URBANISATION NEEDS
the CULPRITS who BENEFIT VARY from STATES, LOGGING COMPANIES, CRIMINAL ORGANISATION GROWING Illict DRUGS such as COCAINE and CANNABIS in Various CENTRAL and LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Question 17

Explain the PRIMARY GREEN CRIME - WATER POLLUTION

Answer 17

• MANY from MAINLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LACK SAFE DRINKING WATER
• CULRPITS range from INDUSTRY, BUSINESSES that DUMP TOXIC WASTE, GOVT,

Question 18

What is SECONDARY GREEN CRIME

Answer 18

those ILLEGAL UNDER Either NATIONAL OrINTERNATIONAL LAW BUT which MAY NOT BE ENFORCED
OCCUR but OFTEN UNPUNISHED

Question 19

What is 2 EXAMPLES of SECONDARY GREEN CRIME

Answer 19

• STATE VIOLENCE AGAINST OPPOSITIONAL GROUPS
• HAZADEROUS WASTE and ORGANISED CRIME

Question 20

Explain the SECONDARY GREEN CRIME - STATE VIOLENCE AGAINST OPPOSITIONAL GROUPS

Answer 20

STATES & GOVT CONDEMN ‘TERRORIST ACTS, BUT at the SAME TIME there have been NUMEROUS CASES where GOVT have RESORTED to TERRORIST TYPE/ILLEGAL METHODS
e.g. 1985 GREENPEACE SHIP RAINBOW WARRIOR in New Zeland-> was BLOWN UP by FRENCH GOVT as EXPRESSION of ANGER of the Ship Use of PROTEST

Question 21

Explain the SECONDARY GREEN CRIME - HAZARDOUS WASTE and ORGANISED CRIME

Answer 21

LIMITED or INEFFECTUAL LAW ENFORCEMENT to REGULATE WASTE DUMPING and HIGH COST of DISPOSING WASTE LEGITMATELY has CREATED a PROFITABLE TRADE in ILLEGAL DISPOSAL and DUMPING Of HAZARDOUS TOXIC WASTE By ORGANISED CRIMINALS

• e.g LARGE MNC’s WANTING to AVOID Hefty COST of WASTE PROCESSING and DUMPING May USE ILLEGAL ORGANISATIONS for REMOVAL of HAZARDOUS WASTE -> ILLEGALLY DISPOSES of IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES , TAKE ADVANTAGE for CHEAPER COST and WEAK ENV CONTROL

Question 22

What CAPITALISM and GREEN CRIME THEORETICAL APPROACH to GREEN CRIME

Answer 22

• LYNCH - are CAUSED by MAINLY CAPTALIST IDEOLOGY - the PRIORITISATION of ECONOMIC INTEREST OVER the WELL BEING OF the ENVIRONMENT
• BLAMES ENV HARM as being LINKED to the NATIO STATE and CORPORATIONS
• NATURE is EXPLOITED by Corporations FOR PROFIT
• e.g. BIO-PIRACY - where COMPANIES TAKE or STEAL, EXPOLIT or CONTRCOL KNOWLEDGE Of the INDIGENOUS PEOPLE Of a Country FOR COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT. e.g. Stripping Amazon Rainforest for Medicinal Purposes

Question 23

What is STATE CRIME

Answer 23

an ILLEGAL or DEVIANT ACT PERPETRATED BY Or WITH the INVOLVEMENT of STATE AGENCIES
i.e. CRIME are COMMITTED By or ON BEHALF Of the STATE

Question 24

What are 2 ISSUES with STATE CRIMES

Answer 24

SCALE of STATE CRIMES COMMITED : they DIFFER from OTHER TYPES of CRIME DUE to Their SCALE and SEVERITY and the CONSEQUENCES they HAVE on HUMAN LIFE. The WEALTH of RESOURCES AVALIABLE -> POSSIBLE to COMMIT CRIMES on a Much LARGER SCALE -> GOVT have ABILITY To Carry Out MASS VIOLENCE, GENCIDE, TORTURE, Deliberate Attacks on Innocent Civilians

STATE AVOID ACCOUNTABILITY - State are ABLE to SHAPE and INFLUENCE the JUDICIAL SYSYEM - State CAN DEFINE WHAT CONSTITUTES a CRIME and COMPILE LAWS and Influence And DETERMINE WHO FACES PROSECUTION. are RARELY PUNISHED -> STATE can CONCEAL CRIMES, EVADE PUNISHMENT and DEFINE WHETHER It’s ACTIONS are CRIMINAL Or NOT

Question 25

What are 3 TYPES of STATE CRIMES

Answer 25

• POLITICAL CRIMES e.g. Rigging Elections,
• CRIME BY the POLICE AND SECUIRTY FORCES e.g. ILLEGAL TORTURE
• ECONOMIC CRIMES e.g. Breaking Official Health and Safety Laws in State Run Organisations

Question 26

What are 3 EXAMPLES of STATE CRIMES

Answer 26

• KILLING OF INNOCENT CIVILIANS - Common Warfare in 20th Century was Targeting and Terrorising Civilians as a Legitmate Military Strategy -eg. Atomiic Bomb on Hiroshima By USA
• USE OF TORTURE - Deliberate Infliction of Violence to Cause Severe and Mental Distress and Physical Suffering. Despite the Condemnation of Torture, it’s Still a Practise Used by Many States , Especially in ‘War on Terrorism’ e.g. Camp Delta in Guantanamo Bay
• GENOCIDE - the International Mass Murder of a Particular Group of People Because of their Membership Of a Specific Religious, Ethnic or Racial Group, with Aim of Eliminating the Group , e.g. Holocaust

Question 27

What are 2 PROBLEMS with DEFINING STATE CRIMES

Answer 27

DOMESTIC LAWS : a SC is DEFIND as One that Break the Laws of the Society in Which the Crime Takes Place. However a PROBLEM OF Defining it as an Action VIOLATING DOMESTIC LAWS s is that the STATE HAS the POWER to MAKE LAWS and So it CAN LEGALISE CERTAIN ACTIONS That are VIEWED as CRIMINAL

INTERNATIONAL LAW : Can be DEFINED as BREAKING INTERNATIONAL LAW - Laws are CREATED and AGREED Between NATIONAL STATES. An Advanatge of Defining Crime This Way is there Is an Agreed Definition of What Constitutes a ‘State Crime’ With Those Countries that Signed Up to Treaty. However INTERNATIONAL LAWS are OPEN to INTERPRETATION are VERY DIFFICULT To ENFORCE In PRACTISE

Question 28

WHAT are 2 WAYS of EXPLAINING STATE CRIMES

Answer 28

• THE CULTURE of DENIAL THEORY
• AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALISATION THEORY

Question 28

How does CULTURE OF DENIAL THEORY Explain State Crime

Answer 28

COHEN - ALTHOUGH a STATE May AGREE to INTERNAL CONVENTIONS and LAWS AGAINST HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATIONS, Many GOVT STILL CONTINUE To COMMIT HUMAN RIGHT ABUSES.
- SC are OFTEN HIDDEN But IF FOUND, ATTEMPTS are MADE to NOMRALISE or RATIONALISE them BY USE of DENIAL -> Uses PROCESS of a SPIRAL OF DENIAL : Stage 1 : “ It Doesn’t Happen Here “
Stage 2 : “ If it did happen, ‘it’ Is Something Else
Stage 3 : “ Even If it’s what you say it is, It’s Justified

Question 29

How does AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY THEORY Explain State Crime

Answer 29

ADORNO - Designed a F-Scale Questionnaire and was Able IDENIFY an AUTHORITIAN PERSONALITY TYPE -> this type Has a TENDENCY to Be ESPCIALLY OBEDIENT To AUTHORITY WIHTOUT QUESTION
argued in WWII ,MANY GERMANS had AUTHORITARIAN PERSONAL TYPE -> SUGEESTED it DEVELOPED DUE to EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES -> e.g. Harsh and Disiplinarian Parenting Style Experienced

Question 30

EVALUTATION of GLOBALISATION , GREEN AND STATE CRIME

Answer 30

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