globalisation and migration

Question 1

what is globalisation

Answer 1

economic process which countries are being gradually drawn into a single global economy / market, results in countries being interconnected and interdependent

Question 2

how do TNCs upscale international trading

Answer 2

operate in many countries, involved in economic activities

Question 3

how do regional economic / trading blocs upscale international trading

Answer 3

countries being drawn together to promote free trade through trade agreements e.g. the EU / North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Question 4

how do modern transport networks upscale international trading

Answer 4

more capable to move people and commodities quickly / cheaply, physical distances are less significant, ocean transport & containerisation speeds up global movement

Question 5

how do advances in information and technology upscale international trading

Answer 5

faster management, processing and communication of information

Question 6

what are the 5 forms of flow of the global economy

Answer 6

trade, aid, foreign investment, labour and information

Question 7

define birth rate

Answer 7

number of LIVE births in a population per year / 1000 population

Question 8

define death rate

Answer 8

number of deaths in a population per year / 1000 population

Question 9

define natural change

Answer 9

balance between birth and death rate in a population

Question 10

define net migration

Answer 10

balance between number of people entering & leaving a country / region

Question 11

define circulation

Answer 11

temporary absences from a permanent residence, can be daily, weekly or seasonal, including travel and medical treatment

Question 12

define migration

Answer 12

can vary from country to country, permanent change in residency

Question 13

what is voluntary migration

Answer 13

people choose to move inside their own country (internal) or emigrate to another country (international)

Question 14

reasons for voluntary migration

Answer 14

employment, higher wages, higher quality of life -> classed as economic migrants

Question 15

recent trends in voluntary migration

Answer 15

in developing and emerging countries, more rural -> urban migration (e.g. China). in HICs the opposite is more apparent (counter urbanisation), people seek higher quality of life outside cities

Question 16

what is forced migration

Answer 16

when people have to move from where they live (they have no choice)

Question 17

reasons for forced migration

Answer 17

most commonly war (recently civil wars) and persecution, or an effort to force out . eradicate an entire ethnic group (ethnic cleansing, e.g. genocide)

Question 18

define refugee

Answer 18

a person, owing to fear of being persecuted, lives outside their country of nationality

Question 19

define asylum seeker

Answer 19

refugee applied to become a citizen of the country they have sought protection

Question 20

define internally displaced person (IDP)

Answer 20

person forced to flee their home for same reasons as refugee (or natural disasters) but do not cross internationally recognised border

Question 21

define returnee

Answer 21

refugee / asylum seeker voluntarily returned to home of origin or IDP who has returned home

Question 21

define and provide examples (4) of push factors of migration

Answer 21

a cause to leave a location, e.g. harsh climate, housing shortage, heavy taxes, civil war / ethnic cleansing

Question 22

define and provide examples (4) of pull factors of migration

Answer 22

something attractive about an alternate location, e.g. high wages, freedom of speech, cheap land, good welfare services

Question 23

how do social factors lead to rise in tourism

Answer 23

more leisure time and paid leave

Question 24

how do economic factors lead to rise in tourism

Answer 24

more disposable income

Question 25

how do communication factors lead to rise in tourism

Answer 25

mass media, greater awareness of foreign places

Question 26

how do transport factors lead to rise in tourism

Answer 26

faster and cheaper (e.g. budget airlines)

Question 27

how do political factors lead to rise in tourism

Answer 27

easy border controls for tourists

Question 28

features of the package holiday (mass tourism)

Answer 28

lots of hotels and other facilities, most popular and usually cheapest, supported by govt. and locals as generates income for locals, includes skiing, sunbathing, visiting theme parks, taking a cruise

Question 29

evidence of global economy (2)

Answer 29

1) production / supply chains: stages (can be in diff countries) involved in making a product where value is added at each stage 2) call centre companies now located in LICs and emerging countries (e.g. India)

Question 30

role of WTO and international monetary fund (IMF)

Answer 30

global trade and foreign investment

Question 31

role of world bank (inter-governmental organisations) and NGOs

Answer 31

focus on development aid

Question 32

how does tourism create jobs

Answer 32

labour intensive, directly: e.g. transport; indirectly: e.g. agriculture and manufacturing -> multiplier effect

Question 33

what are economic leakeages

Answer 33

profits made in a particular countries "leak" out to country of tour operator head offices, host community has to deal with nuisances and potential problems of tourism

Question 34

cons of tourism

Answer 34

1) no guarantee that wealth from inward investment will benefit locals (profits are often sent back to HIC where TNC is based) 2) TNCS can drive local companies out of buisness and leave if other countries are cheaper to operate in 3) pollute environment, run safety risks or poor working conditions and low wages 4) threat to cultural diversity, may drown out local economies, traditions and language -> reenvisioned in capitalist HIC views

Question 34

pros of tourism (3.5)

Answer 34

1) inward investments (e.g. building facilities, infrastructure) by TNCs provide jobs and skills for locals 2) bring wealth and foreign currency (sharing of lifestyle and experiences) 3) increases awareness of events in faraway parts of the world -> more aware of global issues and alert

Question 35

what is socio cultural tourism

Answer 35

can revive local handicrafts and art, but mostly leads to increased tension between locals and tourists

Question 36

how does tourism harm the environment

Answer 36

depletion of local natural resources through over consumption-> loss of ecosystems, pollution and waste, greenhouse gas emissions (mostly from transport)

Question 37

what is ecotourism

Answer 37

visiting fragile, pristine and undisturbed natural ares intended as low impact and often small scale alternative to mass tourism, includes 1) stewardship: sustainable management of environment on a large scale 2) conservation: more localised, allowing locals to be involved

Question 38

examples of ecotourism principles (3)

Answer 38

1) build environmental and cultural awareness and respect 2) provide direct financial benefits for conservation 3) deliver memorable experiences to help raise sensitivity to host country's political, environmental and social climates

Question 39

uk management of immigration

Answer 39

post brexit immigration system - treat EU and non-EU citizens equally, under points based immigration system to earn visa (worker, global talent, health & care)

Question 40

what is geopolitics?

Answer 40

study of political & economic relationships between countries and influence of geography, power and influence of individual countries > others

Question 41

what is a superpower

Answer 41

country with dominant global position, characterised ability to exert influence by hard (military and economic) and soft (diplomacy, cultural and history) power

Question 42

how can geopolitics affect trade

Answer 42

trade blocs, multinational organisations (e.g. WTO and the Quad - japan, usa, canada and EU), geopolitical events for stock markets, trade wars

Question 43

how geopolitics affect migration

Answer 43

influence the direction of migration, more powerful countries have greater control on migration than weaker ones, tensions and pressure caused by large scale migration crisises

Question 44

how geopolitics can affect tourism

Answer 44

less significant due to globalisation, powerful countries draw tourists from soft power, hostile relationships between countries e.g. 2017 american temporary 90 day travel ban