Globalisation EQ2 - Impacts of globalisation

Question 1

What is the ‘global shift’?

Answer 1

The global shift is the relocating of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North America, over the last 30 years

Question 2

Why has there been a global shift?

Answer 2

It has been driven by improvements in transport and communications, plus the lowering of trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up to FDI. Labour-intensive manufacturing was attracted to Asia by the large amounts of workers willing to work for low wage rates

Question 3

What are the the major economic, social and environmental changes associated with globalisation in Asia?

Answer 3

• poverty reduction and waged work
• education and training
• environment and resource pressure
• infrastructure, the built environment and unplanned settlements

Question 4

Why have US and UK businesses outsourced so much work to India?

Answer 4

Many Indians are fluent English speakers, giving them a comparative advantage for call centre services
Broadband capacity is unusually high in the city of Bangladore, it is a long established technology hub

Question 5

What are the costs of global outsourcing of services to India?

Answer 5

• some business process workers report they are exploited
• work can be high repetitive
• huge gap between rich and poor (80 million living in extreme poverty)

Question 6

What are the benefits of global outsourcing of services to India?

Answer 6

• Indian call centre workers earn good middle class wages by Indian standards
• Indian outsourcing companies have become extremely profitable

Question 7

What are the costs of global outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

Answer 7

• in early years, many workers exploited in sweatshops
• environment continues to suffer greatly, air pollution reduces Chinese life expectancy by 5 years

Question 8

What are the benefits of global outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

Answer 8

• people enjoying large income gains, can afford smartphones and car ownerships grown to 1 in 5
• trasnfer of technology, meaning local compaines have adopted tech and management techniques brought to China by TNCs

Question 9

What are the benefits of the global shift?

Answer 9

• infrastructure investment
• waged work
• poverty reduction
• education and training

Question 10

What are the costs of the global shift?

Answer 10

• loss of productive land
• unplanned settlements
• environmental and resource pressure

Question 11

What are the major environmental problems facing communities in developing countries as a result of global shift?

Answer 11

• air and water pollution
• land degradation
• over exploitation of resources
• loss of biodiversity

Question 12

What are some examples of environmental challenges for communities in developing countries as a result of global shift?

Answer 12

Ivory Coast - tens of thousands of Ivorians suffered ill health after toxic waste alleged to produce hydrogen sulphide dumped by ship in employ of Dutch TNC Trafigura in 2006
Indonesia - deforestation of 13 million hectares of rainforest due to demand for palm oil plantations, biodiversity suffers as a result

Question 13

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 13

The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries

Question 14

What are the challenges of deindustrialisation as a result of global shift?

Answer 14

• high unemployment
• rising crime rates
• depopulation
• dereliction
• contamination

Question 15

What is an internal migrant?

Answer 15

Someone who moves from place to place inside the borders of a country - most commonly from rural to urban areas.

Question 16

What is urbanisation?

Answer 16

The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

Question 17

What is an economic migrant?

Answer 17

A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment

Question 18

What is a refugee?

Answer 18

People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution

Question 19

What is natural increase?

Answer 19

The difference between a society’s crude birth rate and crude death rate

Question 20

What are intervening obstacles?

Answer 20

Barriers to a migrant such as a political border or physical feature

Question 21

What is centripetal migration?

Answer 21

The movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas

Question 22

What are some urban pull factors?

Answer 22

• employment (the hope of promotion and advancement into professional roles that are non existent in rural areas)
• better schooling
• better healthcare

Question 23

What are some rural push factors?

Answer 23

• poverty, aggravated by population growth
• agricultural modernisation and mechanisation
• resource scarcity

Question 24

How do shrinking world technologies contribute to rural to urban migration?

Answer 24

• rural dwellers gain knowledge of the outside world and it’s opportunities
• people become ‘switched on’ as knowledge is shared
• transport improvements remove intervening obstacles to migration

Question 25

What is a megacity?

Answer 25

A city with a population of 10 million or more

Question 26

What is an example of a megacity facing social and environmental challenges?

Answer 26

Mumbai, population exceeding 20 mil in 2020 (growth to 25 mil by 2025)
Social = 20,000 small factories and sweatshops in Dharavi, 10 people die each day on train lines
Environ = water pollution

Question 27

How is environmental sustainability challenging in megacities?

Answer 27

Water pollution from untreated sewage, and air pollution from industry or exhausts creates challenges for city planners.

Question 28

How is social sustainability challenging in megacities?

Answer 28

Provision of adequate urban housing, health care and education is a major challenge for planners in developing countries. Mass migration is causing exponential population growth.

Question 29

What is a global hub?

Answer 29

A highly globally connected city, or the home region of a globally connected community. A settlement or region that has become a focal point for business activities witha global influence

Question 30

What are elite international migrants?

Answer 30

Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals - their wealth derives form their profession or inherited assets
E.g. migration of Russian oligarchs to UK via investing in London property and sending their children to elite private schools

Question 31

What are low waged international migrants?

Answer 31

Migrants who work for a low income with little skill e.g. India to UAE - 2015, 27% of UAE population was from India

Question 32

What natural resources can help a global hub to develop?

Answer 32

Oil resources, physical factors aiding the growth of industry, coastline ideal for trade, strategic location to encourage investment

Question 33

What human resources can help global hubs to develop?

Answer 33

Large labour force, skilled labour (e.g. universities), affluence, languages spoken

Question 34

What are the benefits of migration to a host region?

Answer 34

• fills particular skills shortages
• economic migrants willing to do labouring work that locals don’t want to
• migrants pay tax
• migrants can start up businesses

Question 35

What are the costs of migration to the host nation?

Answer 35

• social tensions arise due to migrant controversy
• political parties change policies to address public concerns
• new markets develop for ethnic food, bringing tension

Question 36

What are benefits of migration to a source region?

Answer 36

• migrant remittances contribute to national earnings
• less public spending on housing and health
• migrants may return with new skills
• government spending costs transferred to new region

Question 37

What are the costs of migration to a source region?

Answer 37

• economic loss of a generation of human resources
• reduced economic growth as consumption falls
• increased proportion of aged dependents
• closure of urban services and entertainment
• brain drain

Question 38

What is interdependency?

Answer 38

When two countries depends on the economic health of each other for its own continued well being

Question 39

What is cultural imperialism?

Answer 39

The practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another

Question 40

What is a soft power?

Answer 40

The global influence a country derives from it’s culture, political values and diplomacy

Question 41

What factors help to explain the emergence of a Western-influenced ‘global culture’?

Answer 41

TNCs - the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs shapes a common culture
Global media
Migration and tourism - brings enormous cultural change to places, during age of empires Europeans forced their language and customs on people in other countries

Question 42

What is cultural diffusion?

Answer 42

The spread of culture from one group of people to another

Question 43

What is cultural erosion?

Answer 43

Cultural erosion is the process of a country or region losing it’s traditional elements due to outside influences

Question 44

What are the positives of westernised global culture?

Answer 44

• tends to improve opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged and discriminated groups such as women, disabled and LGBT
• global media coverage of events such as the Paralympics may erode prejudice in developing countries

Question 45

What are the negatives of a westernised global culture?

Answer 45

• spread of western diet linked to rising obesity and diabetes in many emerging countries (e.g., per capita meat consumption has increased tenfold in Asia in 1990s due to Westernisation)
• fast food consumer culture is extremely wasteful, linked to deforestation and excessive water use

Question 46

What is a cultural landscape?

Answer 46

The landscape of a place that has been shaped over time in characteristic ways by the combined action of natural and human processes

Question 47

How do some areas protect their cultural identity from globalisation forces?

Answer 47

UNESCO World Heritage Site List - UN gives special recognition to places that have unique cultural or physical significance so that policies can be established to protect from too much change
China - censorship through ‘great firewall of China’ prevents users from using BBC or Facebook services, strict quota of 34 foreign films a year
France - French gov supportive of French filmmakers, subsidises works filmed in French lang. 40% of tv output must consist of French productions, French language music heavily promoted on radio

Question 48

How has the spread of global culture lead to new awareness for disadvantaged groups?

Answer 48

Global media turns Paralympic Games into one of the world’s biggest sporting events by celebrating physical achievements of elite athletes with disabilities
Pride marches/month leads to awareness for LGBTQ+ community

Question 49

How has cultural erosion impacted tribal lifestyles in Papua New Guinea?

Answer 49

7000 different cultural groups, by 2014 1 in 4 languages were being lost
Due to: migration to urban areas and increased awareness of Western cultures and lifestyles (e.g., wearing t shirts)