Globalisation EQ2 Flashcards
What is the global shift?
The shifting of the economic centre of gravity from the west to the east through the movement of manufacturing to China and services to India.
Manufacturing in China
Original workshop of the world in 1990s with large low cost labour.
Reform and strikes improved working conditions, now produces high tech desirable goods. Now an industrial powerhouse.
Services in India
US/UK businesses outsoured call centre services and back office functions. Call centres for Dell, Intel and Yahoo.
Take advantage of skilled graduates, English speaking and high broadband capacity.
Poverty reduction and waged work
Developing global shift
Worldwide more than 1 billion escape £1.25 poverty.
China absolute poverty reduced to 16% in 2005
Services contributes 50% to India’s GDP
However, increased inequality India has more billionaires than UK but more absolute poverty than whole of Africa.
Education and training
Developing world- global shift
Leading quaternary and biotechnology (envied by west)
China awarded 30,000 PhDs in 2012
2,500 universities in India, China, South Korea
However unequal 1 in 4 in Bangladesh are illiterate.
Infrastructure development
Developing world global shift
High rise developments in city centre hotspots- Shanghai Tower second tallest building in the world
High speed rail and airports- China Shanghai Maglev worlds fastest commercial train service.
Unplanned Settlements and loss of land
Developing world global shift
Mumbai Dharvi slum lives on less than £200 a month
Beijings narrow lanes ‘hutongs’ all but lost.
Resource Pressure
Developing world global shift
Commodities super cycle
100 cities in China suffer water shortages
China 10% global energy demand.
2015 1/2 million Indians do not have toilets in their homes.
Land degradation
Developing world global shift
40% of Chinese farmland suffers from degradation
Urbanisation + cattle/crops demand = 100,000 football pitches of land lost annually from Indonesia.
Water pollution
Developing world
75% of lakes and 25% coastal rivers are polluted in China.
16m tonnes of solid waste are dumped into Yangtze River annually in China
Increased communicable disease, cancer, ecosystem destruction.
Air pollution
Developing world global shift
Airopocalypse
5th largest killer in India
Reduced life expectancy in China by 5 years
China 750,000 premature deaths annually from respiratory disease.
loss of biodiversity
developing world global shift
1/2 China’s vertebrate species vanished since 1945
Indonesia more mammal species threatened than any other country.
Deindustrialisation
Mass closure of secondary industry such as ship building decreasing workforce and production caused by the global shift.
Become irrelevant to the global economy
Factories may be mothballed or liquidated
Crime
Deindustrialised regions
Switched on to illegal flows such as drugs and people trafficking, encouraged by unemployment and youth boredom.
US gun crime and drug route areas have a 30 year lower life expectancy
Redcar over 10,000 crimes majority antisocial
Depopulation
Deindustrialised regions
Brain drain and white flights, creates social tensions, decrease house value causing pockets of deprivation.
Baltimore 1/3 population left - 200,000 homes abandoned
Dereliction
Deindustrialised regions
40% land of Glasgow inner city is derelict
broken window scenario
High unemployment
Deindustrialised regions
New jobs are often zero hours low wage.
Red car short term male unemployment near 100%, removed £70 million annual wage bill removed from the economy.
What is a megacity?
A city with a population of 10 million or more
Causes of megacity
Centripetal migration- movement direct towards centre of urban areas.
Natural increase
Urbanisation in developing countries
Rapid growth
Fringes of cities develop into shanty towns
Build on dangerous areas such as floodplains and hill slopes
Urbanisation in developed countries.
Slower growth from international migration
Environmental rules such as green belt hep limit urban sprawl
Favour high rise developments on brownfield sites.
World migration figures
Global urbanisation passed 50% in 2008
Nearly 250 million international migrants globally.
Mumbai megacity
22 million in 2015
Employment in Hilton, Starbucks and retail areas
Dharvi slum 500 employed in manufacturing industry
Bollywood billionaires increased house prices in nearby area causing pressure to redevelop the slum.
Karachi megacity
2015 Second most populated megacity in the world.
Pakistan centre of industry with jobs in shipping, banking, retail and manufacturing.
Business Capital
Famous university city with skilled tech graduates attracts media companies such as GeoTV.
