Globalisation KQ2

Question 1

What is the global shift?

Answer 1

Outsourcing and offshoring of industry, through FDI, to Asia since 1980.

Shift of manufacturing jobs from Europe, Japan and North America to China.
Shift of service and administration jobs to India, especially in the Bangalore region.

Question 2

What are the benefits of the global shift?

Answer 2

Major investment in roads, ports, airports and power infrastructure.
China built 11,000km of new motorways in 2015.
600 million Chinese lifted out of poverty since 1992.
More people paying taxes in formal employment so government can invest more in public services.

Question 3

What are the costs of the global shift?

Answer 3

Urban sprawl and loss of productive farmland as cities and industry expands.

New developments tend to be unplanned and sometimes poorly built, lacking public services e.g Dharavi.

Low wages, long working hours, lack of union representation and exploitation of workers.

Question 4

What are the environmental costs of the global shift in China?

Answer 4

Severe air pollution.
50% of worlds coal consumed in China.
50% of rivers and 40% of groundwater is polluted.
20% of China subject to desertification and soil erosion.

Question 5

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 5

Closure of manufacturing industries such as steel, ship building and engineering.

Question 6

What is economic restructuring?

Answer 6

One sector is replaced by another causing widespread changes in job type.

Question 7

Economic restructuring in Detroit?

Answer 7

Population fell from 1.5 mill in 1960 to 0.7 mill in 2012 due to car factory closures.

2nd highest murder rate in USA

Average life expectancy of 69 years.

Poverty rate of 38%

Question 8

What is rural to urban migration?

Answer 8

People moving from the countryside to cities.

Question 9

What is a mega city?

Answer 9

A city with a population of over 10 million.

Question 10

What are the social challenges of living in Mumbai?

Answer 10

Housing is in short supply leading to growth of slums such as Dharavi that lack basic infrastructure. Dharavi has a population of 6.5 million (55% of Mumbai’s population).

1 in 5 are below the poverty line. Wages are low and jobs are in short supply.

Disease and illness common due to a lack of sanitation. Raw sewage found on streets of Dharavi is a breeding ground for Cholera.

Question 11

What are the environmental challenges of Mumbai?

Answer 11

25% of sewage and industrial waste makes its way into rivers and lakes.

2100 million litres of sewage pumped into the sea each day (most polluted coast in world).

Resources such as water in short supply due to rapid population increase.

Sprawling slums causing deforestation and loss of farm land, increasing the flood risk.

Question 12

What are the benefits of migration for the source country?

Answer 12

Remittances boost income of families and economy.

Reduces pressure on resources if population is large.

Question 13

What are the costs of migration for the source country?

Answer 13

Loss of skilled and educated workers.

Families broken up as young males tend to migrate.

Mass emigration can be viewed as a failure of the government to provide for the people.

Question 14

What are the benefits of migration for the host country?

Answer 14

Low wage workers fill skills gaps.

Can counteract an ageing population by paying more taxes.

Question 15

What are the costs of migration for the host country?

Answer 15

Some host population workers can’t get jobs.

Demand for education, health and housing rises.

Creates cultural tensions with migrant population.

Question 16

What is cultural diffusion?

Answer 16

Exchange of ideas between different people as they mix and interact as a result of globalisation.

Question 17

What is westernisation?

Answer 17

Success is measured by how wealthy you are and how much you consume.
Attitude that the environment should be exploited for natural resources to create wealth.
Media organisations such as CNN and BBC share a western view of world events.
Spread of a western diet especially in Asian cities e.g McDonald’s and KFC.

Question 18

What is development?

Answer 18

Refers to progress in social and economic terms. The needs of the environment are generally ignored.

Question 19

What is the human development index?

Answer 19

Combines 3 indices:
Life expectancy
Income
Years in education

1 = best 0 = worst

Sweden = 0.85
Haiti = 0.29

Question 20

What is the gender inequality index?

Answer 20

Combines 3 indices:
Reproductive health of woman
Participation in employment
Empowerment/rights

0 = best 1 = worst

Sweden = 0.05
Haiti = 0.80

Question 21

What is the Gini-Coefficient?

Answer 21

Measures income inequality within a country. Income is devised into quintiles and plotted on a Lorenz curve.

Question 22

Who are the winners of globalisation?

Answer 22

1800 billionaires worldwide in 2016 made wealth through ownership of TNCS.

Rising middle class of call centre and factory workers in Asia whose income has risen due to outsourcing and offshoring.

People working for TNCs in developed countries have a high income and reasonable job security.

Question 23

Who are the losers of globalisation?

Answer 23

Isolated rural populations in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where subsistence farming dominates and connections are thin.

Workers in sweatshop factories suffering from exploitation.

Slum dwellers in mega cities, urban life is much worse than expected.

Question 24

Define ecological footprint.

Answer 24

Measure of the resources used by a country or person over the course of a year measured in global hectares.

Question 25

Describe China’s ecological footprint.

Answer 25

China’s ecological footprint has steadily risen.
Since 2001, rising Chinese incomes correlate with very large increases in ecological footprint.
Suggests economic development in China has very high environmental costs.

Question 26

Name 4 factors increasing the rate of migration.

Answer 26

Open borders to migration within EU since 1995.
FDI encouraging TNC workers to move over seas.
Deregulation of some job markets, allowing foreign qualified workers.
Humanitarian crises e.g Syrian civil war and the war on Islamic state seeing refugees fleeing to Europe.

Question 27

Define Diaspora.

Answer 27

Dispersal of a population overseas.

Question 28

How has migration increased social and political tensions?

Answer 28

UK Brexit vote of 2016 was centred around the pace of migration.
Rise of anti-immigration parties since 2010 e.g UKIP and BNP.
51% of Swiss voted to stop mass migration in a referendum.

Question 29

What are the 4 main environmental and ethical concerns?

Answer 29

Consumer goods are made using exploited labour.

Imported products such as tea and coffee do not provide farmers with a decent income due to low prices.

Consumer goods use excessive resources during their production and transportation.

Consumer culture is adding to global warming.

Question 30

What is localism?

Answer 30

Food and goods should be made locally, supporting local jobs and reducing transport.

Question 31

What is the role of fair trade?

Answer 31

Pays farmers in developing countries a guaranteed price for their produce plus a fair trade premium payment.

Helps make incomes sustainable and supports community development.

Question 32

What are ethical consumption schemes?

Answer 32

Founded in 1993 by Forest Stewardship council.
Uses FSC logo on woods sourced from sustainable forests.
Respects land rights of indigenous.
Workers are well treated and paid.

Question 33

What is the role of recycling?

Answer 33

Local councils in the UK play a key role.
Recycling increased from 17% to 44% between 2003 and 2013.
Different councils have different schemes with different results.
Reducing packaging may be a better way forward.