Globalisation mock 3.6-3.9 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
what is globalisation?
A
it involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows through commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourisM
2
Q
explain economic globalisation
A
- the growth of TNCs accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components and shares
- ICT supports the growth of complex spatial divisions of labour for firms and a more international economy
- online purchasing using amazon on a smartphone
3
Q
explain social globalisation
A
- international immigration has created extensive family networks that cross national borders, world-city societies become multi-ethnic and pluralistic
- global improvements in education and health can be seen over time, with rising life expectancy and literacy levels, although the changes are no means universal
- social interconnectivity has grown over time thanks to the spread of ‘universal’ connections such as mobile phones, the internet and email
4
Q
explain political globalisation
A
- the growth of trading blocs (EU, NAFTA) allows TNCs to merge and making acquisitions of firms in neighbouring countries, while reduced trade restrictions and tariffs help markets to grow
- global concerns suc has free trade, credit crunch and the global response to natural disasters
- the world bank, IMF and the WTO work internationally to harmonise national economies
5
Q
explain cultural globalisation
A
- ‘successful’ western culture traits com to dominate in some territories, e.g. westernisation, the ‘mcdonaldisation’ of tases and fashion
- glocalisation and hybridisation are a more complex outcome that takes places as old local cultures merge and meld with globalising influences
- the circulation of ideas and information has accelerated thanks to 24 hour reporting, people also keep in touch using virtual spaces such as facebook and twitter
6
Q
what happens to culture?
A
cultures changes and evolve over time naturally but globalisation has accelerated the rate of change for many places. it has led to the evolution and diffusion of a global culture.
7
Q
what are the different cultural traits explained
A
languages
- some countries have a single national language with local dialects, or several languages belonging to different indigenous ethnic groups
food
- national dishes and diet traditionally reflect the crops, herbs and animal species that are available locally
clothing
- national and local traditions may reflect traditional adaptations to the climate (wearing fur in polar climates) or religious teachings
religions
- there are several main world religions, each with its own local variants, religion is an important cultural trait that also informs food and clothing and may be highly resistant to change
traditions
- everyday behaviour and ‘manners’ are transmitted form generation to generation. from parents to their children, such as saying ‘thank you’
8
Q
what is cultural diffusion?
A
the gradual spread of culture from an influential civilisation
through globalisation it has created cultural diffusion through the mass media, the internet and migration. through large TNCs setting up in foreign counties it allows them to spread their culture among workers, allowing for cultural diffusion.
9
Q
what is cultural imperialism?
A
the practise of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. it is usually the case of the former being a large, economically powerful nation and the latter is a smaller, less affluent one.
10
Q
explain the process of westernisation
A
it is the process whereby we see the spread of a ‘westernised’ global culture which originates in North America and Europe, in areas such as industry, technology, lifestyle and values.
it is a culture based on:
1) wealth creation- earning money in order to buy consumer goods and high levels of consumption
2) private enterprise- where people own businesses rather than the gov owning them
3) success- measured by how wealthy you are and ho much you buy
4) fashion, trends and tech- they are important in western culture
5) an attitude that the physical environment shock be exposited for its natural resources to create wealth
11
Q
explain the impact of westernisation on the changing diets in Asia
A
- 65% of the meat consumed by china is pork
- the country’s economic growth has gone hand in hand with an even more rapid growth of weight
- there are about 100 million obese people in China, 5x as much than in 2002
- 9.7% now have diabetes, against 11% in America
- this is due to the cars, city life, television, fast food, a taste for beer and a lack of exercise, leading to a sped-up obesity crisis
- the growth of the fast food market (now worth $70 billion) due to westernisation
12
Q
explain the pork industry in China
A
- 65% of meat consumed is pork, they consume about half of the world’s pork
- high hog population density in china has tightened the supplies of feed and damaged the environment
- livestock farm waste is about 3x the amount emitted from industries
- diseased pigs are not always disposed properly, 16000 carcasses found in Huangpu river in 2013
- the heavy metals that pigs produce damage soil fertility and shrink arable land
13
Q
what are the 4 western influences that determine the rate of westernisation
A
1) industrialisation- TNCs
2) global media
3) migration and tourism
4) leisure- ‘disneyfication’ and ‘Americanisation’
14
Q
explain the western influence of industrialisation from TNCs
A
- they spread their brands and products across the world
- the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs have played a major role in shaping a common culture
- some corporations such as Nike and Apple have rolled out uniform products, bringing cultural change to places
- when TNCs engage with new markets and cultures, they often adapt their products to suit different places better, products sold increasingly reflect local cultures, seen through mcdonalds menu, perhaps glocalisation is merely a sophisticated form of cultural imperialism
15
Q
explain the western influence of global media
A
- due to the ownership of global broadcasting, film and music industries are becoming ever more concentrated into the hands of large media TNCs, the use of an increasingly common vocabulary is eroding cultural diversity, this is known as the global homogenisation of culture where everywhere is becoming the same
- five companies now own 90% of the global music market and in recent years they have been cutting their ranges of recording artists in order to increase profits
- media giants show western festivals of Christmas and Halloween in their films
- places gain an insight on American and British culture through shows such as Downton abbey
- japanese children’s TV been highly influential, Pokemon
16
Q
explain the western influence of migration and tourism
A
- glocal cultures develop where global processes exist at a local level, this is how urban environment have been transformed by inward migration
- ethnic enclaves form through concentrations of particular communities gaining their own identity where cuisine adds to the multicultural character and strengthens cultural diversity
- british migrants brought their language and love for cricket to many countries but often had little effect on other cultural traits like religion
- tourists visit areas and bring back ideas and things they discover abroad, introduce the western culture in their home country, e.g. opening a fried chicken shop after discovering the large amount in USA
17
Q
explain the western influence of Americanisation and disneyfication
A
- as the global economy draws people closer together, big brand names like coca-cola, mcdonalds, Disney and nike become globally famous
- countries adopt the American culture through their fast food restaurants, large department stores and music and entertainment
- media giant Disney has exported its stories of superheroes and princesses everywhere
- through Disneyfication and building its brand globally it promotes American values, including family values, traditional morals and consumerisation, especially the idea of a white wedding
18
Q
what is americanisation?
A
America’s need for bigger and better, their desire for fast food and high tech sold in a free market. the largest TNCs are American and therefore in promoting their brands globally, they are pushing American culture and values.
19
Q
what are the ways in which global culture has increased opportunities for disadvantaged people
A
- the Paralympic movement
- the growing awareness for female quality, child marriage and girls education
- the promotion of LGBTQ
- improvements in discrimination amongst race and sexuality
20
Q
explain how westernisation led to the Paralympic movement
A
- the emergence of a global cultures that values equality, freedom of expression and reduced discrimination on the grounds of gender, sexuality and disability
- first Paralympics in 1948 where the same facilité were used for both games
- in 2011, 25% of disabled people in china were able to find employment but after china coming top of the medals table in London’s paralympic games, the chance to train and compete on the global stage has helped marginalised groups to gain support and a more equal status
- aim was to create an elite sports comp for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic games
- the Paralympic Games show how globalisation can create new opportunities for disadvantaged groups
21
Q
explain how westernisation led to an increased awareness on child marriage and the access of education for girls
A
- the US set up a programme called let girls learn through the growing awareness, if they have an education then they are less likely to go through child marriage and child birth, enabling them to access higher incomes and provide financial security
- in emerging and developing countries, the western cultures has improved opportunities and given hope to girls, India’s education for all programme the ‘Sarva Shiksha Abiyan’ has set up nearly 3500 residential schools in poor areas where literacy levels are low
22
Q
explain how westernisation led to improvements in discrimination among race and sexuality
A
- the race relations act 1968 created rights for all races with respect to employment, housing, commercial and other services. attitudes developed over time to become known as the diversity agenda where Govs have responsibility for legislating to prevent discrimination. the activity of global players like TNCs is important in conveying these values
- FIFA is a global player and promotes spotty and is in charge of marketing for competitions like the World Cup, in doing so it promotes anti-discrimination policies and attitude like their say no to racism campaign
- western countries are adopting more tolerant policies on issues such as gay rights, still a way to go in places like russia and the middle east
- global media coverage of gay pride marches and high profile cases of sex discrimination may help erode sexism and prejudice in developing countries
23
Q
what are the 6 ways of cultural erosion
A
- loss of language
- traditional food
- music
- clothes
- social relations
- loss of tribal lifestyles
cultural erosion can also change the built and natural environments
24
Q
what is hyper globalisation
A
the idea that a largely westernised global culture is emerging as a result of cultural erosion in different places
25
explain the location of Papua New Guinea
- south of the equator
- north of Australia, very close to NE Australia
- south of the north Pacific Ocean
- east of Indonesia and south of the philippines
26
explain the korowai tribe in PNG
- they are a small tribe of 3000 people living in the pecking river area of the southeast papua prince in Indonesia
- they are primarily hunter-gatherers fishing in the becking river and gathering sago from sago palm. they also practise shifting cultivation.
- they had their first contact with the world in 1974 via an expedition led by a US anthropologist, Peter van Arsdace
27
what is the built environment like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- traditionally korowai live in wooden longhouses with palm-thatched roofs raised on ironwood stilts 10m above the forest floor raised deep above the rainforest
- their built environment has changed since 1987 when they were encouraged to move into villages in a clearing by the river, such as Yaniruma
- these house several hundred people with buildings constructed from clay bricks with corrugated iron roofs
- they contain schools and they are periodically visited by health care workers
28
what is language like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- education in villages takes place in Indonesian
| - some korowai migrated to the town of Jayapura and their children dont speak the korowai language
29
what is food like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- sugary drinks, e.g. coke and alcohol, Bintang beer is available
- korowai used to carry out cannibalism of captured members of other tribes as a criminal punishment but this is thought to be have been eradicated
30
what is music like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- traditional korowai music uses pig-skin drums
| - radio and television introduced the global music culture
31
what is clothing like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- korowai traditionally only wear a loincloth, however most people now wear shorts and t-shirts, including Man U and Barcelona football shirts (globalisation)
32
what are social relations like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- introduction of christianity by dutch missionaries in the 1980s reduced the practise of polygamy and levirate marriage
- enforcement of Indonesian law eliminated slavery from inter-clan raids
- role of clan leader, traditionally the strongest warrior, diminished with a new elite system based on wealth
33
what is the natural environment like in the Korowai tribe, PNG
- ecosystem de-valued as sustainable shifting cultivation abandoned for sedentary village life
- employment for logging companies or hunting of animals, e.g. tree kangaroo (now endangered) for sale as bush meat in villages or Jayapura town
- natural environment viewed as a resource for economic growth and higher income
- result is the over-exploitation of sago palms in the area around villages, deforestation for timber and agar wood exportation and threatened species being over-hunted to extinction
34
what are key facts about Papua New Guinea
- it is one of the most diverse countries in the world, no less than 852 languages are listed for the country, most residents live in customary communities which areas diverse as their languages
- the naming of the country was from a Spanish explorer in 1545 who saw a resemblance of the people living on the coast of Guinea in Africa, thus naming the land New Guinea
- for centuries the Anga tribe practised a mummification technique called smoke during which involved the placement of the bodies on steep cliffs above the village, for the Anga people this is the highest form of respect for the deceased
- they have the world's 3rd largest rainforest with a dense biodiversity, much of the species are unique to the area such as the tree kangaroo
- due to the isolated nature of the islands, much of their cultures and customs survived to this day
- the capital (Port Moresby) is rapidly growing, increased its population by over 100,000 between 2000 and 2011
- they gained their independence in 1975, before it was administered by Australia, they are part of the commonwealth
35
what is evidence that papua New Guinea has been eroded
- an increase in christian missions, the colonial administration, cooperatives and companies, village courts, the elected provincial government
- gang culture introduced, 80% unemployed, lots of conflict between social groups
- the first christian mission was established in 1901, missionary activities led to the spread of christianity and western education
- increasing intermarriage between different cultural groups meant that many couples failed to pass on their native language to their children
- in 1964 the discovery of copper led to the construction of a giant copper mine built by British TNC, lots of conflict occurred throughout the 1990s due to the actions of the mines
- natural environment seen majority for economic growth, before it was a place for tribal groups
- sugary drinks, Coca Cola and alcohol now available in villages
- globalisation-fuelled FDI ushered in mining in the 1960s, it has been supplemented by investments in oil, gas, agriculture, forestry and fishing
- their built environment changed in 1987 when they were encouraged to move into villages in a clearing by the river, these are built using clay bricks, before they were palm-thatched roofs with wood
36
what is evidence that papua New Guinea and other countries have not been eroded
- tribal gatherings still take place in the highlands, festivals sustained
- going to PNG is like 'stepping back in time'
- due to the isolated nature of their island, most cultures an customers have survived to they day
- some developed countries are able to resist cultural erosion, the loi Toubon in france means that 40% of broadcasts must be French with no more than 55% American film imports
- other developing countries have also fought back, in the early 2000s Iran, led by the islamic government confiscated all Mattel's barbie dolls from toy stores due to its un-islamic language
- North Korea has also slowed cultural erosion by preventing western influences accessing its population, limited foreign news, limited people coming in
- china have limited cultural erosion due to bans of social media platforms, controlled news reports
- the UK have over 400,000 listed buildings, 20,000 scheduled ancient monuments and over 40 registered historic battlefield, UNESCO have also listed sites that are protected
37
what is the case with protecting cultural landscapes in emerging countries
emerging countries may have a limited capacity to protect their cultural landscape, in particular their ethnographic landscapes but UNESCO aims to help prepare and promote the common heritage of humanity, protecting nearly 1000 natural, cultural and mixed sites worldwide.
the least developed countries remain highly vulnerable to cultural erosion
38
explain the conflicts with Rio Tinto in PNG
- anglo-australian mining giant is being accused for being responsible for 'multiple human rights violations' after its Pangua mine on the island of Bougainville left people with a dangerous legacy of polluted fields, poisoned water and a ruined water valley
- the mining company is said by the HLRC to return to the island for reparations and reconciliation
- for 17 years until 1989, the pangua mine was one of the largest and richest copper and gold mines run by rio Tinto until it ended 31 years ago after conflicts over the mine's profits and environmental damage led to a decade-long civil war in Bougainville that killed up to 20,000 people
- the mine pit remains a huge scar in the landscape and has left a deadly legacy for residents
- many villagers have been left without clean water and so have had to use the polluted river to bathe and wash, leading to serious, long-running health impacts including skin lesions
- the hasty closure of the mines meant that the monsoonal rain pushed massive volumes of polluted tailing sands into the river, destroying forests and crops
- "polluted water from the mine pit flows unabated into local rivers, turning the riverbed and surrounding rocks an unnatural blue"
- a spokesman for Rio Tinto said they were compliant with "applicable regulatory requirements up until the mine's operations were suspended"
- it is considered as an ongoing human rights disaster
39
what are the economic benefits of globalisation.
- job creation (both locally, nationally and internationally)
- footloose industries can take advantage of cheap labour and costs
- increased overseas investment, FDI
- greater competition, products become cheaper
- economy boosted through increased employment
- economies of scale
40
what are the economic problems of globalisation
- trade doesn't always benefit poor economies
- leakages to countries of origin
- interconnection can cause economic weaknesses, e.g. financial crisis
41
what are the socio-cultural benefits of globalisation
- freedom of movement (labour advantages), QOL up
- more opportunities for international travel and tourism
- more opportunities to work abroad due to liberal immigrant laws and foreign worker programmes, send remittances, access higher-skilled jobs
- instant access to information from anywhere in the world, capacity to communicate allowing for international trade 24/7
- the rapid spread of consumer products (e.g. food/clothing brands), westernisation, worldwide entertainment including music, sports, pop culture
- westernisation has introduced a better work ethic, spread of foreign ideas has led lap many business opportunities
- capacity to communicate and defend ones values and ideas globally
42
what are the socio-cultural drawbacks of globalisation
- loss of cultural diversity through westernisation
- brain drain in many countries
- exploitation of local people, low pay and poor working conditions
- spread of commodity-based consumer culture
- dangerous or violent ideals can spread faster
- small cultures may lose their distinct features
43
what are the political benefits of globalisation
- greater collaboration to strong units, groups, trade blocs, e.g. G6, G8, UN
- smaller countries can work together and gain more influence internationally
- International organisations are often more committed to spread values like freedom and to fight abuses within countries
- access to international aid and support, can learn from each other
- contributes to world peace
44
what are the political drawbacks of globalisation
- state sovereignity is reduced
- the functioning of international and supranational organisation is often not democratic in terms of accountability
- co-ordination is difficult and expensive
- big countries can shape decisions in supranational organisations
- some TNCs become powerful than the government
45
what are the environmental benefits of globalisation
- greater understanding of the issues of our planet due to communication and education
- TNCs often invest in environmental projects in the host country
- investment in renewable energy has increased with shared ideas
- international pressure can impact pollution levels, e.g. china
46
what are the environmental drawbacks of globalisation
- increased use of fossil fiels for production (shortages), cheaper options
- increased pollution for manufacturing
- increased levels of pollution from movement of people and goods, becoming a consumer nation, growing wealth means we consume more
- water desertification as the pop increases
47
who is anti globalisation?
- until the early 2000s, france rejected globalisation in order to protect French culture, the gov would exclude culture from its agreements on trade, it still limits how much foreign culture can be broadcasted, 40% of broadcasts must be in french. but since 2007, the French gov has been more accepting of globalisation because of successful French TNCs such as EDF energy
- protest groups such as occupy Wall Street and the global justice movement argue that globalisation has dramatically increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, created inequality, caused cultural erosion and passed political and economic powers into the hands of TNCs and exploited workers especially in emerging countries
- peoples global action have a clear rejection of capitalism, all trade agreements and governments that promote destructive globalisation, they construct local alternatives to global capitalism, they are an organisational philosophy based on decentralisation and autonomy
48
who are structuralists?
they oppose globalisation and believe that inequality in the global economy will only be resolved through structural change.
49
explain the view of the World Social Forum in terms of globalisation.
- an open meeting where social movements, networks, NGOs and other civil society organisations opposed to Neo liberalism and a world dominated by capital
- they believe that it is wrong that half of the population own a very small amount go total wealth
- growing inequality has been driven by a 'power grab' by wealthy elites who have used their power to rig the rules of the economic system in their favour
50
explain the view of the World Economic Forum, Davos in terms of globalisation
- where 2500 business leaders and heads of state meet to make deals and discuss global issues, it is where the big deals on FDI and trade are made
- they see globalisation as the means to drive economic growth and cooperation as the means to ensure that countries and companies can all benefit
- the WEF's mission is cited as 'committing to improving the state of the world by engaging...leaders of society to share global, regional and industry agendas'
51
explain the environmental concerns of globalisation and the anti-globalisation movement in India
- environmentalists suggest that globalisation promotes negative externalities in the pursuit of economic growth, this is shown through agricultural run-off, fertilisers and pesticides used in intensive agriculture found in rivers, flooding during monsoons worsening their water pollution problems as it washes contaminated soils into the rivers
- some economists argue that globalisation creates wealth which can fund better environmental management, to bridge the gap between the 29,000 million litres per day of sewage that India produces
- environmental concerns and antiglobalisation concerns are often connected
- india has seen many campaigns against high-profile dam developments, those for the development believe that it was a way to catch up with the west through cheap hydro-electric power
52
explain the Jhola Aandolan movement in India
- it is a popular movement, fighting against polyethylene bags and promote cloth, jute and paper bags to promote the natural environment
- they recognise the important role of recycling in the informal job sector of many Indian incites that has developed due to rural-urban migration and globalisation
53
what is development?
the improvement of quality of life (level of happiness, wellbeing resulting from a way of living) of a country's population. quality of life includes social, economic, cultural, political, demographic and environmental aspects.
54
how can the growing development gap be shown?
1) between countries, e.g. in 2015, people in Luxembourg had incomes of $105,000 per year in contrast to south sudan with only $220
2) within countries, e.g. in china's coastal cities incomes per capita are over $10,000 whereas in the rural west they are under $2000
55
explain the two different types of variables
single indicators (e.g. life expectancy, GDP per capita), measure one variable. they are easy to use and understand but may not give an accurate representation of development (aren't very comprehensive)
composite indicators combine more than one variable into a single variable (HDI)
56
explain the 4 economic measures of development
1) GNI (gross national income)- the value of goods and services earned by a country (including overseas earnings), formerly known as gross national product (GNP). it is a good indicator of wealth.
2) GDP (gross domestic product)- same as GNI but excludes foreign earnings. it is a widely used aggregate measure and is the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nation's borders.
3) PPP (purchasing power parity)- this relates to the average earnings to local process and what they will buy. this is the spending power within a country and reflects the local cost of living.
4) Economic sector balance (composite measure)- this gives the % employed in each sector to GNI. the primary sector for the UK contributes 0.6%, in Malawi it contributes 30%.
57
explain the social measures of development
1) HDI (human development index)- composite measure which is a combination of life expectancy, education (literacy and years in education) and GDP per capita. it shows how far people are benefiting from economic growth, It was devised by the UN.
2) GII (gender inequality index)- a composite indicator devised by the UNDP. measures gender inequalities related to women's reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation
3) GHO (global health observatory)- develop can be measured through WHO air pollution levels. it usually improves as economic and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity
58
who are top exporting countries in in 2017
china
United States
germany
59
what was the GDP ranking in 2017
USA
China
Japan
Germany
60
what is the GDP of Sweden, Norway, China, USA, UK and Malawi
```
Sweden- $556 billion
Norway- $434 billion
China- $13.6 trillion
USA- $20.54 trillion
UK- $2.85 trillion
Malawi- $7.065 billion
```
61
what is the purchasing power parity of Sweden, Norway, China, USA, UK and Malawi
```
Sweden- $55,989
Norway- $76,638
China- $20,984
USA- $60,426
UK- $48,169
Malawi- $1292
```
62
what is the HDI of Sweden, Norway, China, USA, UK and Malawi
```
Sweden- 0.933
Norway- 0.954
China- 0.758
USA- 0.920
UK- 0.920
Malawi- 0.485
```
63
what is the GII of Sweden, Norway, China, USA, UK and Malawi
```
Sweden- 0.044
Norway- 0.048
China- 0.152
USA- 0.189
UK- 0.116
Malawi- 0.619
```
64
how economic measures contrast with social measures?
- the richest countries do not often have the best social measures due to the presence of large inequality
- the Scandinavian countries seem to always top for social measures, although they are not the richest.
- in Norway they are 29th for GDP but 1st for HDI
- in USA, they are 1st for GDP but 15th for HDI
- in China they are 2nd for GDP but 85th for HDI
- social development indicators are probably better to look at as you probably won't have a good health and equality without a strong economy, better to look at holistic approches
65
why aren't china scoring high on social development?
- low amounts of women in government
- troubles with freedom
- population dont necessarily trust in the government
- gender quality never going to be that high
66
explain the success of the Scandinavian countries in social development
- approached developed from a sustainable point of view, sustainable economy leading to a sustainable environment?
- Norway has the largest sovereign wealth fund, they are economically developed
- Helliwell says social support, freedom, generosity and trust in institutions are the most significant underling factors for happiness
- in Sweden there are very good unemployment benefits, 80% of last salary
- free tuition options
67
explain what is gini coefficient and the overall inequality in the world
gini coefficient is a mathematical indicator which is measure of inequality, the closer to 0, the more equal you are. the closer to one there unequal you are.
we can see that overall the northern hemisphere is more equal than the southern hemisphere.
income inequality has increased both nationally and globally as a result of globalisation. larger gap between the rich and the poor
- china and America are not very equal often due to their political systems
- most of the major countries have become less equal since 1980 however Brazil has improved their equality. this shows the effects of globalisation.
68
what is a Lorenz curve?
- Lorenz curves are a visual indicator which shows the wealth distribution across a population
- 0 is completely equal, 1 is unequal
- the Lorenz curve is used to calculate the gini coefficient value which shows inequality
- the closer the Lorenz curve to the line of equality, the more equal the distribution of income
69
what are the pros and cons of using gini coefficient
pros:
- measures inequality rather than giving a single indicator for an entire population (e.g. GNI)
cons:
- only 1/3 of countries publish their gini coefficient
70
how do you calculate the gini coefficient from a Lorenz curve
section a / section a + b
section a- the area between the Lorenz curve and line of equality
section b- total area beneath the line of equality
71
how has globalisation created inequality?
- due to TNCs arriving through globalisation they concentrate a lot of wealth to their executives, they account for 10% of world's annual GDP
- due to the presence of international organisations, they control power over decision making, decisions may be made to favour the rich
- china have seen rising inequalities with los of they workers having low paid jobs. they are now seeing an east-west divide. eastern mega-city wealth between Beijing and Shanghai are the poor rural western interior settlements
- the great gains made by European and American nations over the same time period has resulted in a widening of the average income gap between those in the wealthiest countries and those in the poorest.
- globalisation has been made mainly in developed and merging countries, developing countries shave been excluded from this due to a number of factors, rich are getting richer whilst the poor are getting poorer
72
how has globalisation not created inequality?
- if it generates higher GDP growth then there will be higher tax revenue and so this can be used to invest in reducing inequality of opportunities (education)
- it has promoted tea acceptance of previously discriminated groups, the Paralympic movement promoted the equality of disabled people
- absolute poverty has fallen worldwide
- the rising density of economic integration across national borders has made it easier for poorer countries to trade, thus reducing inequality
- the increased use of technology from globalisation has meant that there have been more connections with these poorer nations leading to the flow of ideas and the ability to trade on foreign markets, news
- globalisation has led to the increased equality for women, let girls learn project
73
What is a mega city and what are the reasons for their growth?
A city with a population of over 10 million. China has seen 150 internal rural-urban migrants since the open door policy leading to the creation of 7 mega cities
Rural to urban migration (push and pull factors)
Natural increase
74
What impact has cultural erosion had on the built and natural environment?
- loss of tribal lifestyle, changing in the way homes are built before a lot were made with palm-thatched roofs and used wood whereas now they are using clay bricks and corrugated iron roofs
- natural environment now viewed as a resource for economic growth and higher income
- result is the over-exploitation of sago palms in the area around villages, deforestation for timber and agar wood exportation and threatened species being over-hunted to extinction - ecosystem de-valued as sustainable shifting cultivation abandoned for sedentary village life
- employment for logging companies or hunting of animals, e.g. tree kangaroo (now endangered) for sale as bush meat in villages or Jayapura town
75
why are some groups opposed to globalisation?
- they don’t like the idea that people can migrate to their country and possibly change their culture, they want to protect their culture
- environmentalists believe that globalisation only brings environmental problems, increased use of fertilisers, deforestation, pollution
- structuralists oppose globalisation and believe that inequality in the global economy will only be resolved through structural change
- peoples global action have a clear rejection of capitalism, all trade agreements and governments that promote destructive globalisation, they construct local alternatives to global capitalism, they are an organisational philosophy based on decentralisation and autonomy
- protest groups such as occupy Wall Street and the global justice movement argue that globalisation has dramatically increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, created inequality, caused cultural erosion and passed political and economic powers into the hands of TNCs and exploited workers especially in emerging countries
76
what have the trends in economic development and environmental management been like around the world
they indicate differential progress that can be related to the outcomes from globalisation
we can assume that developed and emerging nations are economic winners in terms of globalisation due to their ability to support the growing flow of people and industries. they have the infrastructure and industries in place and so they can accommodate growth
77
explain the trends in economic development from 1970 in emerging countries
- amongst the emerging countries, the GDP per capita at PPP has grown fastest in China, between 1990 and 2014 it grew by $13,000
- whilst china and India have encountered the most significant growth, they have reached the band of the richer emerging nations
- India and Pakistan have seen the slowest growth, India grew by $5000 and Pakistan grew by $3000
generally we can see that globalisation has increased economic growth in emerging nations however the speed at which it has grown depends on the country
- other than globalisation accounting for this economic growth it could've also been because of the discovery of a new natural resource (finding oil/gold) or if the country has adopted a more open door policy, allowing for an increase in FDI
78
explain the trends in economic development from 1970 in developing nations (Burkina Faso)
- although we can see that growth has occurred, it is very minimal in comparison to the other bands of economy, between 1990 and 2020 GDP per capita at PPP has grown by around $1500, very small
- they have seen a steady but gradual growth in their economy, it started to grow a bit faster from just after 2010 perhaps due to some developments in infrastructure
- perhaps their economic growth has been slower in comparison to richer nations due to them often having unstable Govs, lack of infrastructure, based on single industry, Burkina Faso is landlocked and so it is very hard for them to develop, cannot benefit from the benefits of trade, world bank funded an airport
79
explain the trends in economic development in developed countries (USA)
- we can overall say that since globalisation occurred, GDP per capita has risen at a quicker rate
- in 1970 they had a GDP per capita of around $24000, by 2010 it had reached $48,000, growth of 100%
- there was an anomalie in 2007 due to the financial crisis where we saw GDP per capita fall by around $3000
- there have been small anomalies around twice a decade
- globalisation has had a greater impact here due to the increased trade in foreign market, large number of TNCs locating here through the connectivity in which it offers, footloose industries, development in transport has led to tourism industry being worth $1.3 trillion
80
what are factors that affect whether countries will be affected more or less by globalisation?
- state of their government
- climate
- their industry
- landlocked
- infrastructure
- open/closed door policies
- if they have a skilled population
81
explain the case of Chad in terms of how it has benefitted from globalisation
- in sub-saharan africa, one of the poorest countries, scores very low on HDI
- globalisation did not rlly have an impact on them, they didn't really have any economic activity before 2004 where they saw a rapid increase
- perhaps this is the case due their lack of industries and infrastructure, they were far from attractive from investors, low-skilled population and no infrastrcture in place
- the growth in 2004 could've been due to a new airport yo be able to export, he gov could've embraced a more export-led economy, they may have transitioned into secondary industry due to investment from the world bank
82
what are the environmental issues of globalisation?
forest cover
| emissions
83
explain the environmental issue of forest cover from globalisation
- we can see that forest cover is dropping at a steady rate, in 1990 it accounted for 31.8% of land area, in 2014 it was at 30.8%
- forest loss has major links to globalisation as it is often redeveloped to make room for housing developments, offices, roads and transport links, the more we globalise the more we are transitioning to urban areas
- forest cover of the sugar-producing philippine island of Negros has reduced from over 90% to just 4%, with 2/3 of this lost in the last 50 years
- in drought-prone parts of Kerala, India, groundwater extraction for the bottled drinks industry has exhausted underground aquifiers
- since 1990, global forested area has shrunk by 2 million square miles with many losses in South America and sub-saharan africa
- the amazon rainforest one of the most important carbon sinks has faced intense pressure from human activity
- between 1990 and 2005, Vietnam lost a staggering 78% of its primary forests, despite being one of the world's top-ten biodiversity centres
84
explain the environmental issue of emissions from globalisation
- the largest producers of CO2 are china and USA. China account for 27.2% and USA for 14.6%. some suggest that in order to succeed economically you need to manufacture, this evolves emitting carbon, some say that the release of fossil fuel emissions is an inevitable part of being successful
- people would argue that the money you make from the globalisation process should be invested in renewable energy
- there is a correlation between those with the highest GDP and those who emit the most. they manufacture a lot and have high consumerisation and so produce more co2
- the more economically developed a country is the easier it would be to adapt towards sustainable production but in reality they are often the biggest emitters
85
explain other environmental issues of globalisation
- china has a large amount of endangered species, country with nearly the highest amount, habitats are being destroyed for development, illegal hunting to earn money - large scale flows of cheap food are good for europe and N America but the transformation of earth's terrestrial surface into productive agricultural land has led to habitat loss and biodiversity decline on a continental scale
- intensive cash cropping, cattle ranching and aquaculture have has devastating impacts from groundwater depletion to the removal of mangrove forests
- mangrove swamps have been cleared to make space for prawn agriculture, since 1980 there has been a 700% increase in production for supermarkets
- Chnogquing on the Yangtze River is at the heart of economic developments around the Three Gorges Dam. it is one of china's dirtiest cities and its air causes many premature deaths. 1/4 of the time, its air quality doesnt reach the gov's own safety standard
86
give an example of open flows and closed flows
the border between the Netherlands and Belgium is a porous border. there is no physical barrier and so they really encourage open flows. they believe that there are many benefits of having this free movement of people ans goods.
a section of Morocco is owned by Spain and they have a very large fence border as they dont want flows of people or goods. they want to control their borders.
87
what are the pros of open flows
- additional workers and skill coming in to benefit the economy
- multicultural societies are formed, as seen in the UK, diversity is a part of London's culture
- migrant workers can accommodate labour shortages (NHS), in 1960s the UK needed labour, 750,000 Pakistanis and 1 million Indians came for their booming textile industry
- the increased amount of foreign TNCs has led to higher tax revenue
- more trade, accessibility and connectivity means it is easier, largely benefit the economy, UK relies on FDI as they dont have the money to invest, china have largely invested in the UK
- allows the spread of food, music and religion
- safe world- greater cooperation on global issues, greater cooperation with IGOs helps our understanding on different societies
88
what are the cons of open flows?
- loss of traditional culture and ethnicity, white British has now become a minority
- although we see many companies and migrants locate, much of the money goes back as remittances, not localised spending, less economic benefits
- can lead to overcrowding, house prices up, environmental quality declines
- pressure on services, migrants
- increased amount of leakages
- a rise in extremism as a result
89
how has globalisation led to a rise in extremism in europe?
- the far right movement is rising due to the flow of people and the connections across the world. It causes conflict amongst many and the influence of the far-right mentality. It comes as people start to become more aware of the flaws of these connections
- the rise of ISIS in Europe has occurred as they don’t like the liberation that our countries offer, they don’t like the freedom that women are offered, they reject our plural and democratic society
90
explain the far right movement in europe
- the Swedish democrats, a group with neo-nazi ties have achieved 25% of the vote compared to 5.7% 5 years ago. this comes after accepting twice as many refugees per capita than its European peers
- France's Marie le Pen leads the presidential field at 31%, jeopardising the entire EU project
- they are often opposed to the flow of migrants, in 2013 Germany spent a total of $21. billion, economic pragmatism, not enough money
- UKIP won just a single seat in parliament but its influence set the Brexit vote in motion, UKIP had 27.5% of the vote in the 2014 elections
- the far right movement is rising due to the flow of people and the connections across the world, they are concerned about the change in culture that comes with globalisation along with political ideologies and the change of society, they dont like the idea of free movement, for brexit
91
explain the rise of ISIS in Europe
- they hunt for the so-called "root cause" of jihadist violence in the material world, largely ignoring the seriousness of the ideas held by the perpetrators
- ISIS dont like the liberalisation that our countries offer
- they dont agree with the behaviour of women in our modern world, the freedom that they are offered, globalisation has helped womens' rights
- the root cause of the clerical fascism shown by ISISI is an absolute rejection of a plural and democratic society
- it is our existence that they hate, they have been killing 'un-islamic' religious minorities in Iraq
- it is about us thinking/having certain thoughts as a consequence performing certain actions that angers them, our globalised mentality goes completely against what they believe in
92
what are the three ways of controlling the spread of globalisation
censorship
limits on immigration
trade protectionism
93
explain the use of censorship to stop the flow of ideas seen through globalisation
- North Korea's totalitarian government which controls everything you can access, they dont want their people to access the 'western' culture
- UK have freedom of press
- china's gov control everything you look at but still allow the movement of people, they do this to protect their culture from globalisation and remain in control
- China's censorship is to help their work-hard ethic to achieve their goals to be the greatest nation, they dont want people to see through the media that in other countries you dont need to work such long hours, bad conditions, freedom of speech
- in china you can only bank in Chinese banks, they determine how many foreign movies can be played, protect culture and language
- china has the largest recorded number of imprisoned journalists in the world, for communicating with groups abroad or calling for reform and end to corruption
- the BBC has estimated that 2 million people are directly or indirectly monitoring the web for the Chinese gov
- the communist party of china has moved to protect its values and political ideas by 'swatting the flies' of other ideologies
94
explain the limits of immigration to stop the flow of people from globalisation
- either free movement or strong laws
- Australia has a very strict system based on points, allocated points for your age, active working, job (highly sought after), own savings (no benefits), job lined up
- ensure that those coming into the country will be highly productive and highly skilled
- Trump said in his 2016 presidential campaign that he will build a wall along the Us-Mexican border to control the flow of immigrants
- people say that immigration is bad as cheap migrant labour undercuts local wages and that the gov have not planned efficiently for the demands for housing, wealthfare, education and healthcare
- pressure on services, conflict, loss of culture, diaspora
- immigration must be controlled by the support of services, it can create a loss of traditional culture and this can cause conflicts and protests amongst residents
95
explain trade protectionism to stop the flow of goods from globalisation
- market flooded with cheap imports, they will charge lower prices and so the domestic market will fall
- putting tariffs and taxes
- in china in 2016 cheap chinese steel was being 'dumped' on global markets at prices heavily subsidised by their gov to protect its own manufacturers, led to the UK suffering with their Indian owners of tata steel putting up all their plants for sale, losing £1m a day
- a solution would be to raise tariffs on imported steel to protect domestic producers but this is forbidden by WTO rules
- the gov play a huge role in this, in the case of the UK the gov rely heavily on FDI to regenerate their rural and urban areas but at the same time this often leads to a flow of immigration at the same time, how can they control this?
- Trade protectionism is still common: oil exports are banned in the USA so all domestically produced oil must be used in the USA; India restricts foreign companies investing in its retail sector to protect Indian small shopkeepers from competition
96
explain Canada's First Nations people and their role to protect their cultural identity
- they are trying to maintain their cultural identity amongst the increasing exploration for new energy resources (tar sands)
- they are one of the only indigenous groups in the world to have been given their own rights, their own government which allows them to ensure that their culture is protected, determines their healthcare and education systems and utilities
- as globalisation happens, people are looking towards N Canada for Tar Sands
- 634 First Nations governments who meet in the assembly of first nations with the aim to protect their rights and culture
97
explain the fight between maintaining cultural identity vs exploring resources
- many groups want to control the physical resources they'd have but others are more open to progress, balance that can be achieving of maintaining to some extent their traditional way of life whilst taking economic advantage
98
explain the first nations group of beaversands, canada
- a community of 900 woodland cree people who have walked the land for thousands of years
- Alberta's tar sands are largest known reservoir of crude bitumen oil in the world, most of the land is leased out to the oil industry but it has not destroyed everything, they have time to intervene
- in 2013 a series of oil spills occurred, one was under a lake where their ancestors are buried, 200 animals died and over 300,000kg of oily vegetation was removed, the waters have been left poisoned
- they are determined to protect one of the most important carbon sinks- the boreal forest, it is about human rights and the rights of nature
- they have support from international campaigns of the WWF and co-operative group, fundraising over £250,000 for the case as they believe it is the best chance of stopping tar sands expansion and the global climate disaster
- they used to be surrounded by water but now there is no water
- controversy form international organisations like WWF, some people believe that WWF are paying them to protest
- some say that the beaver sands won't actually be impacted much from the tar sands, its more about their environment
- "indigenous rights are the last stronghold we have to stop the unmitigated expansion of the tar sands"
99
explain the First Nations group of Fort Mckay
- they can only control their cultural identity to a certain extent, the money they make can be invested into their people (healthcare, education)
- they have set up a management company that works alongside the oil companies, they are benefiting from the tar sands
- they created and agreed a 20km exclusion zone between the oil industry and reserve lands
- they negotiated contracts to provide services for the oil sands industry from First Nation companies worth more than $100 million annually
- "working continually to protect, respect and restore its natural beauty while attending to the economic health and growth of Fort Mckay"
- they believe the introduction of the tar sands companies will bring change which indicates a cultural evolution and improvement
- it is about adapting to these modern issues through a spirit fo cooperation from all stakeholders
- they'd entered into the industry in 1986, they now have numerous joint venture companies
- they view the economic gain they are achieving through the tar sands as "promising a brighter future for generations to come"
100
explain the case study of the amazon rainforest and the people fighting to save it
- the Guajajara warriors live in 4000 square metres of land
- they are fighting against illegal logging, 60 warriors have been killed from trying to protect their land and death threats
- logging companies are bribing members of the indigenous tribe to gain entry onto their land, terrorise members
- they describe themselves as 'guardians of the forest'
- the loggers sometimes cut the trees but leave them as they find something better, the Brazilian wood is highly wanted in global markets but it has to be a particular size, their wood is very valuable
- the logger cut down masses amounts of trees to create a clearing for their trucks, habitats lost
- only in reserves they can protect the trees to some extent. in some tribes 3/4 of trees have gone, increased risk of forest fires
- the warriors dont get payed, they have no transport, gov have cut off all financial and technical support they once had
- if they confront the loggers then they risk their lives, they need reinforcements
101
what are the steps to protect the guajajara warriors
- it is the job of the Brazilian state, but they dont often get help, only happens after the indigenous people take action
- fines/pressing charges often goes nowhere
- state aid doesnt come, the warriors have to defend the land
- they record what they do to create awareness, videos of them confronting them, they tie them up as they may have weapons, setting trucks on fire informing the owners anger
- they need technical equipment and help from the police, there needs to be unity
- they want police to patrol on foot not in cars
- indigenous people need to join congress, 1 already in congress, they need the young people to follow, reinforcements of the younger population
102
explain what localism is
it is the opposite of globalisation, making things a lot more local
Localism describes a range of political philosophies which prioritise the local. generally, localism supports local production and consumption of goods, local control of government and promotion of local history, culture and identity
103
explain the link between COVID-19 and the need for localism
- some argue that it became a pandemic due to globalisation, free movement of people, the immediate economic impact is due to globalisation
- with COVID, once supply chains were disrupted, firms and people starting looking for alternative supplies at home, even if they were more expensive. if they find domestic suppliers they will stick with them.
- some believe that companies will begin to reshore, bring work back home. it brings certainty and allows you to diversify your supplier base. they have seen the negatives of offshoring.
- the drawbacks are that the service sector has crashed, tourism and universities won't have the international students that day not, used to the free movement but not now, slowing globalisation would hit the sector hard
- will we see the rise of nationalism, protectionism, economic depression or instead more co-operation and internationalism?
104
explain the problem of climate change and resource scarcity as a result of globalisation, reinforcing the need for localism
explain what happened in Rana plaza, Bangladesh
- 35% increase in global food demand by 2030
- 50 years of supply left in proven oil reserves assuming that current levels of demand continue
- 20% of worldwide energy consumption could be saved through energy efficiency measures
- the global population is predicted to demand 50% more energy by 2030
- a former textile factory that produced large amounts of clothing for western businesses
- after being poorly constructed with overcrowding in the warehouse, it collapsed leading to 1134 deaths
105
explain the impacts of a consumer society
a rise in the consumer society leads to more production, processing and consumption which requires:
1) extraction and use of natural resources- more goods = more energy
2) raw creation of factories and factory complexes creating pollution and toxic by products (noise, air, light, water)
3) the use of commodities also creates pollution and waste (cars)- increased wealth
4) exploitation of workers
all of this has led to a rise in need for sustainability
106
explain the need for sustainable development
sustainable development involves integrated decision making whereby they consider social, economic and environmental sustainability
- in order to achieve this there needs to be a significant reduction in world economic output or new technological fixes such as widespread carbon capture or storage
- governments need to take bold moves in ensuring sustainability, local culture and local identity
107
explain what a transition town is and explain the one in tonnes, Devon to help embrace sustainability and locality
a transition town is a settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted 'bottom up' initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade
- totnes was one of the first transition towns, their residents wanted of embrace localism, they did like our consumer society
- located in Devon in the SW of the UK near a coastline
108
what are the three strands to the work of tonnes the transition town?
resilience- the ability of a system (an individual, an economy, a town or a city) to withstand shock from the outside
relocalisation- actively promotes the idea of going beyond the concept of 'localism'- the devolving of political power to the local level- towards 'localisation'; meeting of our core needs locally (food, building materials, energy)
regenerative development- development of Totnes and District for the public benefit of its citizens by reducing reliance on scarce resources
109
what are the social benefits and costs of transition towns
benefits:
- a sense of community (social cohesion), all working together brought community resilience, stronger bonds are formed, a shared sense of belonging and purpose
- the co-operation in the community will minimise conflicts, working together
- booklets are accessible, low cost and so available to everyone
- different groups for different groups of interest, e.g. food, climate change, suits all
costs:
- can be difficult in starting, feel small
- can be insular, outsiders are excluded from small community-based projects
110
what are the economic benefits and costs of transition towns?
benefits:
- local businesses benefit, localism has a positive multiplier effect
- their local economic blueprint has allowed for the town to discover their opportunities and weaknesses, strengthen economy
- they help businesses through over 50 different workshops and consultations, skilled people
- 80% of money spent in supermarket leaves the area immediately
costs:
- consumers can miss out on the price benefits of competition and a wider range of choice. chains such as lidl would charge lower prices
111
what are the environmental benefits and costs of transition towns?
benefits:
- co-operate in helping the planet, work on waste as a whole community, more successful
- transport costs are reduced which means there are fewer co2 emissions, helping the environment
- 80% of people involved in T-Tog, have made improvements to save energy, learned to save resources in a fun way
- a way of transitioning into a sustainable world
costs:
- small scale production especially agriculture can be more damaging to the environment, using greenhouses can create additional energy inputs
112
explain ethical consumption
ethical consumption occurs when the consumer takes into account the costs (social, economic, environmental) of producing food and goods, and providing services
ethical consumption aims reduce the environmental degradation, reduce the inequalities of global trade and to improve the living and working conditions for disadvantaged people. it is positively buying ethical products or boycotting negative ones
113
explain ethical consumption: protecting the people
- unethical clothing puts workers in illegal situations, they work very long hours, health and safety is very poor and they are very poorly paid, exploited labour
- workers have lost friends and family through the unsafe conditions
- it also creates less benefits for the local economy, not only are people very poorly paid but a lot of the money from these companies simply goes back to the home country
- there needs to be an increase in legislation to prevent these unethical practises, there needs to be checks to ensure companies are respecting rules, minimum wage and health and safety is necessary
- fixed contracts are needed to provide protection, they need to allying the Bangladesh safety accord
114
explain ethical consumption: protecting the environment
- we are currently consuming at a footprint of 1.5 earths
- we can see out ecological footprint by comparing it to the bio capacity to see if we are producing/consuming more than we can
- the world's biocapacity is going down, the richer you are, the higher your ecological footprint
- 17% of the population consumes 80% of the resources
- Iceland's advert got banned from big palm oil companies as they cannot let consumer know what they have been done, people dontyet understand the impact of palm oil, around 90% of world's palm oil production comes from Malaysia and Indonesia
115
what are the social, economic and environmental impacts of palm oil?
social
- palm oil is high in saturated fat
- social conflict through the displacement of people, need to relocate
- loss of cultural heritage, cultural important sites lots
- burning for plantation expansion can bring health impacts
economic
- palm oil industry provides employment for 1.7 million people
- affected by climate change and growing droughts, lower produce
- a lot of money sent back to massive companies, low wages for these workers
environmental
- in Kalimantan at least 256 plant species and 51 animal species are facing extinction
- over 300 football fields are destroyed every hour in SE Asia
- many palm oil plantations are on peat soil, the drainage causing massive greenhouse gas emissions
116
explain the efforts of the united arab emirates in ethical consumption
- in 2006 they were the country with the largest per capita ecological footprint in the world
- the government launched the al Basra al beefy initiative in 2007 (ecological footprint initiative) and this made them the 3rd country in the world after Switzerland and Japan to conduct in depth research on their footprint
- due to the UAE's rapidly expanding economy they are now resource-dependant, due to the global footprint network they'd have been able to make sustainable investments
- the new energy standards which has happened is a new energy efficiency lighting regulation passed in 2013 whereby they will redue the country energy consumption by 340 to 500 megawatts per year, equivalent of not using an average gas station for 6 months
- they found 57% of the footprint is from households and so they launched 'heroes the UAE' where they educate people on how to lower their footprint through reducing energy and water consumption, buildings undergone technical changes that have reduced its footprint from water consumption by 44% and its footprint associated with energy consumption by 24%
if all these measures were abided to in Abu Dhabi alone, UAE would see co2 emission go down by 40% by 2030 and an overall footprint reduced by 1 global hectare per person
117
explain the efforts of British Airways for ethical consumption
- from jan 2020 they have committed to offsetting carbon emissions on all flights within the UK through investing in a range of global carbon reduction projects. such as rainforest protection and reforestation programmes
- their programme flying start partnershipped with comic relief has raised over £24 million to help disadvantaged people in the UK to have a better and brighter future
- their parent company IAG are the first airline group to commit to net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050
- they are decreasing the weight of the aircraft to save fuel
- set to reduce the average noise produced in 2015 by 13% by 2020
- working with velocys to convert household and commercial waste into renewable jet fuel
118
explain what the marks and spencers plan A is doing socially economically and environmentally
social
- the money they raised from shopping has gone to Oxfam to end poverty
- sustainable learning stores
economic
- shopping scheme helps poorer economies, invested in their poor communities
- recline clothing hangers, save money
- whole life costing, see how much cheaper it is to run through energy efficiency
- holistic approach has saved money, saved money gone back into the business
environmental
- encouraging people to wash their clothes at lower temperatures, was 40ºC but now 30ºC, save a lot of CO2 as if they shut all their stores for a year
- 'shopping' clothes, 20 million have been shopped with M&S raising £16 million
- less waste to landfill through shwopping
- ensures that packaging is sustainable, between 2008 and 2009 they went from 68% of packaging being widely recyclable to 74%
- 83% of products have recyclable logos on the back
- first retailer to have FSC logo, secure sources for cardboard
- 0 waste and landfill operation
119
what are the positives of fairtrade
economic
- the fair-trade foundations certification scheme offers a guaranteed higher income to farmers and some manufacturers, even if market price changes
- coffee makers are powerless in the free market, they get paid very little, lack of transparency
- fair-trade means the farmers know the true value of their products, easier for them to negotiate prices, they have access to credit, there is a minimum price that farmers are paid when selling their products, they also receive a fair-trade premium
- incomes increase by 30% than non-marked labels, better training and better skilled as a result
social
- minimises exploited labour
- The aim is to make income sustainable for farming families, and use some of the additional money to support community facilities like wells, schools and cities.
- they receive better training and so are better skilled
environmental
- preserves natural habitats, GMO is banned, they are careful with water use
120
what are the drawbacks of fairtrade
social
- the voice of farmers are often not heard, lots of rules are given, lack of transparency
- growing cash crops even under fairtrade conditions can mean that some farmers end up not growing enough food to feed themselves and their families
economic
- The downsides of fair trade are that the extra income is small, and fair trade products are more expensive for consumers.
- fairtrade coffee isn't normally the best quality, no added value
- you would get more money for getting labelled as speciality coffee, more valuable
- as the scheme grows it is hard to ensure that money has been correctly distributed
environmental
- buying organic destroys more forests, less use of fertilisers and pesticides means that more land is needed to produce the same amount
121
explain the ethical consumption scheme of FSC
Founded in 1993 in Germany the NGO FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) uses its FSC logo on wood products that are sourced from sustainable forests thus helping consumers ensure that products are not contributing to environmental degradation.
Its criteria include that forestry must respect the land right of indigenous people and that forestry workers are well treated and paid.
FSC has become well known globally, but has been criticised for being too brand focussed.
122
explain the impact of recycling
recycling doesnt just bring environmental benefits but also social and economic benefits. it provides thousands of jobs for the local people and also saves money through the reduced need for the manufacturing from virgin materials, it creates a circular economy.
- encourages social inclusion and economic development through improving access to reduced price goods for low income families
- reduce local authority waste management budget due to decreased quantities of waste
- recycling and reuse activities in the USA in 2007 created 757,000 jobs, $36.6 billion in wages and $6.7 billion in tax revenues
123
give statistics on recycling in the UK
- in 2013-14, the total amount of waste managed by English local authorities was 25.6 million tonnes. that was 9% lower than in 2000-01
- In 2014-15, the total amount of waste recycled was 43.7% of the total, compared to 12% in 2000
- recycling percentages vary between local authorities. 67% in south Oxfordshire in 2-14 vs 18% in new ham and lewisham in 2013
- in cumbria, the county waste management have turned schools sustainable and are wasting a lot less, pupils are educated on reusing
124
explain the work of the NGO keep Britain tidy
- they get the support from celebrity figures in order to portray their message, increase support
- through donations they can invest more in the issue
- their goal is to eliminate litter, end waste and improve places, they promote going out to pick up litter in lots of different areas
- they ensure that we recycle as much as possible, decreasing wastage
- they want to eliminate litter and inspire others, through having a large platform they can promote their work through the aid of celebrity endorsements
people start doing actions like litter picking as they feel passionately about the subject. they feel like they have a duty to help the planet and so they want to be helping out.
125
explain whats happening to recycling after it is disposed of
- half of Australia's waste paper and plastic is sold to china where it was once recycled but not anymore, china have banned all imports of waste
- half of the world's recycling was going to china
- the value of recyclable paper and plastic has dropped by up to 80%, demand for the waste has gone down, unprofitable business
- the cost of getting rid of the waste has gone up because of china, going to cost $40 for households to pay for recycling
- recyclable materials are sitting in landfills
- recycling centres are catching fire in Australia, health impacts, people moving away
- opportunities to turn recyclable glass into sand for construction, they need gov support and endorsement
126
what are the reasons why one may say globalisation can be sustainable? (social, economic, environmental)
social
- the promotion of human rights and the flow of info about working conditions has meant that countries are becoming socially sustainable
- groups like the first nations have managed to protect their culture and community
economic
- economic integration allows for free trade and the connectivity means that there is a secure market
environmental
- it encourages innovation and so packaging can change to become more biodegradable
- the promotion of the need to help the planet and climate change through media has led to immense pressure on businesses
127
what are the reasons why one may say that globalisation cannot be sustainable? (social, economic, cultural and environmental)
social
- it has widened inequalities, rich get rich and poorer get poorer leading to formation of informal settlements
- services cannot keep up with the rate of pop increase from globalisation, not enough schools and healthcare due to natural increase of migrants
economic
- the rate at which we are growing is unsustainable, rapid growth of cities
- businesses are solely focused on profit maximisation and so leave sustainability behind
environmental
- increased consumerism and growing wealth is not sustainable for our planet, living on the amount of 1.5 planets resources, over consuming
- the rate at which we are growing is unsustainable, land degradation, pollution, depletion of natural resources
cultural
- the growing difficulties of sustaining culture, cultural erosion, westernisation
- flow of people has damaged the culture, destroying temples for infrastructure, breaking up tribes
