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ENV SOC 1HB3 > Globalization and Economic Activity > Flashcards

Globalization and Economic Activity Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization

A

A complex combination of economic, political and cultural changes that have long been evident but that have accelerated markedly since about 1980, bringing about a seemingly ever-increasing interconnectedness of people and places.

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2
Q

Commodity chains

A

a process used by firms to gather resources, transform then into goods or commodities and finally distribute them to consumers. A global assembly line.

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3
Q

key dimensions of globalization

A

-process throguh which the world is becoming a single world society- global village
-Production of goods (and services) around the world, using natural and human resources ie commodity chains
-availability of good (and services) everywhere - a global shopping mall (amazon)

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4
Q

where has interconnected come from in the global economy

A

-reducing the friction of distance
-breaking down barriers
-extending the scope of business
* each inter-related with one another - connected to accessibility and connectivity

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5
Q

reducing the friction of distance

A

emergence of shipping containers
-emergence of the internet
made goods and services from afar more assessable (quick and less expensive0

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6
Q

containerization

A

international shipping practice of storing of freight within standard sized container units, then transporting it using a variety of intermodal technologies- ie ships, trains, trucks
lowers cargo handing costs
90% of non build goods
>20 million containers; 200 million trips per year
>10 000 containers lost at sea

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7
Q

supranational organizations

A

a multinational grouping of independent states, where power is delegated to an authority by member governments
-elimination of barrier to trade and foreign investment to facilitate flow of goods between countries. Eg: NAFTA (north America), ASEAN (southeast), the European union, Mercosur (south America)–> free trade zones

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8
Q

Transnational corporations (TNC)

A

a large business organization (firm) that operates in two or more counties; sometimes referred to as a multinational corporation; in many cases the head office is in a more developed country and its manufacturing/processing facilities are in less developed countries ie Nike, Apple, Toyota

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9
Q

The size and influence of Trans national corporations has become possible via

A

-differential wedges
-different environmental regulations
-low cost of global transportation via containerization
-reduction of trade barriers

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10
Q

Globalization in the service sector

A

-trans national corporations; call centers in India, business processing outsourcing, ect

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11
Q

Globalization perspective: hyperglobalist

A

view that globalization is an intensifying and largely beneficial process where the world’s people and counties are linked together by technology and boarder free markets
ie. Thomas Friedman; the world is flat

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12
Q

Globalization perspective: Skeptic

A

globalization is retreating and is generally a bad thing (for most people); globalization has contributed to the recent rise of increasingly nationalistic (protectionist) policies ie Brexit, trump
ie John Ralston Saul- The collapse of globalism

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13
Q

Globalization perspective: transformationalist

A

claims of globalized world are exaggerated and that the world is globalizing into a series of interconnected regions. Falls between hyperglobalist and skeptic views.
IE Pankaj Ghemawat- world 3.0

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14
Q

KOF index of globalization:

A

utilizing a representative suite of indicators of global interconnectedness among 3 dimensions; economic globalization, social globalization, political globalization

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15
Q

DHL global connectedness index:

A

primarily economic criteria, globalization and levels of development

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16
Q

Increasing world trade facilitated by

A

colonialism, technology and political changes

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17
Q

Foreign Direct investment (FDI)

A

direct investment by a government or transnational/multinational corporation in another country, often in the form of manufacturing or processing plant.
measured by inflows (investment to country) and outflows (country to investor)
-typical forms of investment: manufacturing, processing plants, real estate, research and development, technology.
Top FDI inflow: USA, next: china

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18
Q

tariffs

A

a tax or customs duty imposed on imports rom other countries

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19
Q

Import substitutions

A

an economic strategy of domestically manufacturing goods that were previously imported throguh the aid of protective tariffs (taxation of imported goods); often used as a stimulus for industrialization

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20
Q

free trade

A

an economic system without (or reduced ) tariffs and trade barriers

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21
Q

Tourism

A

individual investment in time and money and travel

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22
Q

cultural imperialism

A

imposition of cultural values and practices by a politically or economically dominant foreign cultural on 1 or more native cultures

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23
Q

cultural homogeneity

A

caused by increased interconnectedness
-loss of national and local identity- less conflict but loss of biodiversity

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24
Q

Negatives of globalization

A

globalization favours MDW over LDW
-Favours economies that are industrial vs export oriented
-Favours resource extraction and consumption over sustainability

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25
Q

positives of globalization

A

-is best hope for producing a better way of life for everyone; decreased poverty, spread democracy, ect
-seeing the shifting landscape from 2 groups (MDW and LDW) to 3 (or more) with recognition of emerging markets and even a broadening of what constitutes more developed.

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26
Q

primary activities

A

economic activities involving the identification and extraction of the world’s natural resources, such as mining, fishing, forestry and agriculture
-identification and extraction of raw materials

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27
Q

Secondary activities

A

economic activities involving the processing, transforming, fabricating, and assembling raw materials (or secondary products) into finished goods; sometimes referred to as industrial activities; generally include activities such as manufacturing, food processing and construction.
-transforming of raw material into finished products
-the manufacturing or industrial sector

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28
Q

tertiary activities

A

economic activities involving the sale or exchange of goods and services; mostly referred to as service activities; generally include wholesale and retail trade, hospitality and food services, insurance and baking, law, real estate and various government services
ie. food services (restaurant), retail, hospitability (hotels), hair salons, barbers, spas, entertainment
-consumer (personal) vs business services
-sometimes delineated into tertiary, quaternary and quinary

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29
Q

quaternary (business)

A

transportation and communication, advertising, real estate, insurance, law, architecture, banking and finance

30
Q

quinary (government)

A

education, health care, government services, research and development, policing, fire, military

31
Q

sectors by level of development

A

More developed economies: service sector (tertiary) Canada and UA: 85% of employment is the service sector
Less developed economies: mostly primary and secondary sectors

32
Q

Primary economic activities in North America: Mining

A

northern Canada- Canadian shield (nickel, iron, ore), western north America- rocky mountains (copper, gold, silver, rare earth elements), eastern north America- Appalachian (coal), southern US- gulf of Mexico (oil), great plans/prairies (Athabasca tar sands-oil, natural gas fracking)

33
Q

Primary economic activities in North America: fisheries

A

many areas depleted
-east coat: Massachusetts, main, nova scotia, newfoundland
pacific north west- Alaska, BC
Gulf of Mexico

34
Q

Primary economic activities in North America: forestry

A

-eastern Canada and north eastern USA- hard woods
-Pacific northwest- softwood
Northern Ontario and Quebec
-US southeast- pulp and paper

35
Q

Primary economic activities in North America: Agriculture

A

1881: 48% of Canadian labour force- even more decline since the mid 19thC-industrialization today only a small proportion of employment and GDP
-still have some geographies of articulates facilitated by local environment, land suitability, agricultural specialization (Florida and California oranges, grain in great lakes basin, livestock in Alberta)

36
Q

agribusinesses

A

a highly integrated form of transnational corporation in the agricultural or food production sector: typically highly capitalized, operating on a large scale(often across various regions), corporately owned, and vertically integrated (encompassing the growing, processing and marketing of food).- ie McCane’s, Tysons

37
Q

Commercial agriculture

A

an agricultural system in which production is primarily for sale for profit; typically large scale, utilizing large amounts of land and the latest technology, and highly mechanized

38
Q

food processing system includes

A

land (& climate)
a series of inputs (labour, fertilizer, machinery)
outputs (products, commodities
consumers (buy and eat)

39
Q

Subsistence (traditional) agriculture

A

an agricultural system in which production is not primarily for sale, but is consumed by the producer
typical forms:
shifting cultivation- use land then abandon
pastoralism: animals graze lands- eventually eat livestock
Typically found in the LDW

40
Q

Commercial (modern) agriculture

A

an agriculture system in which production is primarily for sale for profit
ie coffee, cocoa, bananas
typical forms: family farms, agribusinesses, industrial farms, plantations
typically found in the MDW

41
Q

why are agricultural activities located where they are

A

physical factors: soil, fertility, climate, topography (relief)
cultural factors: religion, ethnicity and cultural tastes
political factors: subsidies, marketing boards, quotas
economic factors: competition for land
result: agricultural use patterns– Von Thunen

42
Q

manufacturing (value added) top countries MDW and LDW

A
43
Q

industrial revolution

A

the process that converted a fundamentally rural society to an industrial society, beginning in England around 1750; primarily a technological revolution associated with the harnessing of new energy sources and the use of machinery to replace manual labour; associated with societal, demographic, political, economic and urban change.

44
Q

industrialization is closely aligned with

A

economic development- become more developed as industrialize
urbanization->fuel by rural–> urban migration
demographic change- declining birth and death rates
cultural and technological change

45
Q

pre-industrial production

A

industrial activity was everywhere: localized and rudimentary
skilled craftsmen/artisan- small scale and limited technology
every village, town and city had industrial enterprises eg. blacksmith, millers, weavers, potters

46
Q

the industrial revolution

A

18th and 19th C
revolution in the way goods where produced/manufactured
-started with the development of the steam engine by James Watt
new sources of energy (coal)- mining discoveries
machines replaced skilled hands of labourers
the volume of goods produced increased

47
Q

traditional major industrial area

A

Western Europe: 1st: Northern England- the midlands- birth place of industrial revolution (where steam engine) also had lots of coal (C1760), then spread to the Rhine and Ruhr Valleys in the Germany and the Netherlands- diffusion to this location in the early 19th C
Eastern North America: Appalachians (north east USA0- diffusion in the early 19th C
* coal* key sites had supply of coal energy
-these regions dominated throguh the 20th C- still have significant manufacturing power (~35-40% of manufacturing value added)

48
Q

Essential components of the industrial revolution

A

-Large scale factory production- shift away from little artisans
-Agglomerating of industries near source of energy or areas with transportation advantages
-highly capitalized ($$$) mechanization- machines, bring coal
-Rapid and extensive rural-urban migration- people still need to maintain the machines

49
Q

traditional industrial areas: Europe

A

-Brittan (midlands- still industrial from historical inertia), Rhine-Ruhr (now: automotive, trains, petrochemical), Southern France/ northern Italy (planes).
Manufacturing output: 19thC: ~8p%; today: ~17% world MVA
Market of manufactured goods: ports- rauderdam, Liverpool- imports come in (consumer goods)

50
Q

Traditional industrial areas: north America

A

~18% MVA of world
-manufacturing belt

51
Q

Manufacturing belt

A

North east UA- Steel, automotive, petrochemical, aerospace, food, telecommunications, consumer goods –> shifted away from manufacturing belt- shift to south and west due to lower wages and antiunion legislation- mexico
Now called rust belt

52
Q

Newly industrializing areas

A

Japan
East Asia (south Korea, Taiwan, China)
Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam)
South Asia (India, Pakistan)
Latin America (brazil)
Africa (Nigeria, Lesotho–> no significant evidence of industrialization–> growing evidence that it’s on its way- new china?)

53
Q

Off shoring

A

the outsourcing of work to another country; usually involves companies in more developed economies shifting work to less developed economies

54
Q

Time line of eastern and southeastern Asian industrialization

A

1950s: Japan
1970s: south Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore–> the four tigers
1980s: china
1990s (southeastern Asia)- Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia

55
Q

China industrialization

A

-1980s via market oriented capitalism
-low labour cost
-initial specialization in low quality consumer goods
the most significant manufacturing economy

56
Q

japan industrialization

A

late 19th C and post WWII
success despite limited raw materials
low labour costs and high productivity
-high quality consumer goods - cars, computers, ect

57
Q

Industrialization in NIC linked to

A

-low labour costs
-goods shipped to global markets via containers

58
Q

Export processing zones

A

industrial areas with special incentives set up to attract foreign investors in which imported materials undergo some degree of processing before re-exporting
~130 countries; >50 million workers
-exempt from import/export duties
-subsidized infrastructure
-weak labour and environmental regulations
ie Foxconn, maquiladora

59
Q

deindustrialization

A

loss of manufacturing activity and related employment; generally used in reference to traditional manufacturing regions in the MDW.
Areas where industrial production is of declining important- manufacturing belt now called the rust belt
-transition from industrial to post-industrial: uneven and difficult- job losses, underemployment

60
Q

Reindustrialization

A

The development of new industrial activity in a region that has earlier experience substantial loss of traditional industrial activity
small, niche-market products- ie craft brewery
High tech and research oriented industries ie McMaster innovation park

61
Q

what does industrialization mean for newly industrializing countries

A

-economic transformation- primary–>secondary economic activities
-urbanization
Demography: fertility and mortality decline, life expectancy increases
-prosperity (but unequal): higher wages (for some) and thus domestic market for goods (work in factory- buy more stuff)

62
Q

Singles day

A

November 11–> emerged first in china- is the biggest shopping day in the world- domestic consumption demonstrating china’s development

63
Q

Primary/pre-industrial/subsistence society

A

produce (grow), prepare and consume food within the home

64
Q

secondary/industrial society

A

specialised farming, food retail (grocery stores) and increasingly manufactured, processed meals like frozen pizza, tins of soup, frozen vegs–> but still consumed at home

65
Q

Tertiary/post-industrial/service society

A

increasingly people consume food outside the home at restaurants and fast food (drive thu) retailers

66
Q

tertiary sector in Canada and the world

A
67
Q

hierarchy of places

A

the highest order places provide the greatest range of goods and services.
global cities are at the top

68
Q

Market area analysis

A

what is the market and where should we locate it - use central place theory

69
Q

outsourcing of business services

A

paying an outside firm to handle functions previously handled inside the company or government with the intent to save money or improve quality
-under globalization many business services can be provided far away from customers and business
back office: clerical, accounting, human resources
Font office:
-also see business outsources (PO)- India, Malaysia, Philippines (#1)

70
Q

tourism consumption vs production

A

consumption: middle and upper class countries
production: most working in the tourism industry are low wage workers

ENV SOC 1HB3 (5 decks)

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