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Glomerular- Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate the production of RBC’s by hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietin

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2
Q

What does the kidney produce which is essential for normal calcium deposition in bone and calcium reabsorption in the GI tract?

A

active form of vitamin D (calcitrol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

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3
Q

Give me all the branches from the renal artery down to the glomerulus.

A

renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arteries –> afferent arterioles –> glomerular capillaries

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4
Q

The distal ends of the glomerular capillaries combine to form the efferent arterioles which lead to this network which surround the renal tubules.

A

Peritubular capillaries

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5
Q

True or False: glomerular capillaries have a higher hydrostatic pressure than other capillaries.

A

True!

it’s ~60mmHg

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6
Q

What is the thing of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

Is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the cortex or medulla of the kidney?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

Is the loop of the henle (LH) mainly in the cortex or medulle of the kidney?

A

medulla

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9
Q

Is the distal convoluted tubule in the cortex or medulla?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

These type of nephrons have glomeruli in the outer cortex, have short LH, and the entire tubular system is surrounded by peritubular capillaries.

A

Cortical nephrons

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11
Q

These nephrons are clost to the cortex/medulla border, have long LH, and have the vasa recta.

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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12
Q

The long LH in the juxtamedullary nephrons helps concentrate the urine, which is important in which animal, specifically?

A

Kangaroo mouse

they have extremely long loops of henle cuz it helps concentrate the urine a ton because they live in the desert lol. random fact for today.

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13
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Parasympathics from the Pelvic nerves (S2-4)

“P”arasymp from the “P”elvic nn.

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14
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the external bladder sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

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15
Q

Is the pudendal n voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary (controls when u pee dawg)

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16
Q

What are the sympathetic nevres to the bladder which stimulate blood vessels?

A

Hypogastric nn (L2)

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17
Q

Which nn sense stretch in the bladder wall when it fills with pee to begin the mictruition reflex?

A

Pelvic splanchnics

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18
Q

The pelvic splanchnics tell whcih nerves to cause which nerves to stimulate the detrouser muscle to contract?

A

They signal themselves. It’s like jerk—

nvm.

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19
Q

Which nerve fibers are destroyed to cause an atonic bladder?

A

Sensory fibers

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20
Q

In addition to crush injury to the sacral region or DRG dmg, what infeciton can u get to cause an atonic bladder?

A

Syphilis (Tabes dorsalis)

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21
Q

What are the Sx to an atonic bladder?

A

ur incontinent but constantly leak pee.

overflow incontinence

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22
Q

Where must the damage be to cause an “automatic” bladder?

A

damange above the sacral region

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23
Q

Why does damage above the sacral region cause an automatic bladder?

A

it allows micruition reflexed to still occur but it is no longer controlled by the brain.

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24
Q

What are the Sx to an automatic bladder?

A

periodic, unnanounced, peeing

bladder has its own brain! lol

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25
Where must the damage be to cause an uninhibited neurogenic bladder?
partial dmg to the spinal cord or brainstem that damages the inhibitory signals from the brain
26
What are the Sx to uninhibited neurogenic bladder?
frequent and relatively uncontrolled mictruition
27
Glomerular filtration, Reabsorption of substances from the tubules, and Secretion of substances from the blood all effect what property of a substance?
The rate at which it's excreted
28
What is 1 substance that is filtered but NEITHER reabsorbed nor secreted?
Creatinine
29
So the excretion rate of creatinine can give us what other value since it's neither reabsorbed or secreted?
filtration rate
30
What are 2 thing sthat are freely filtered but is not excrete into the urine because of 100% reabsorption?
glucose and amino acids
31
What is the excretion rate of glucose and amino acids then?
0
32
What are some substances that are freely filtered and is NOT absorbed, but additional quantities are secreted?
Organic acids and bases
33
So for organic acids and bases, is excretion rate higher or lower than filtration rate?
HIGHER
34
This is the volue of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time.
Renal blood flow (RBF)
35
What % of the cardiac output is RBF?
22% (1.1L/min)
36
This is the volume of the blood PLASMA delivered to the kidneys per unit time.
Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
37
What is the averageRPF?
~650 mL/min
38
This is the voluem of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowmans capsule per unit time.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
39
What is the average GFR?
125 mL/min
40
This is the fracton of the RPF that is filtred as it passes through the glomerular capillaries.
Filtration fraction (FF)
41
What is the eqn for the filtration fraction?
FF = GFR/RPF | basically: % filtered) = (amt actually filtered)/(possible amt to be filtered
42
What is the average FF?
20%
43
These are the small holes in the endothelium of the capillary.
Fenestrae
44
Though the fenestrae are large enough for plasma proteins to flow through them, what keeps them from flowing through?
Fenstrae have a negative charge (repels them bitches)
45
What composes the basement membrane?
Collagen and proteoglycan fibrils
46
Though small susbtances like water and solutes can get through, waht prevents the filtration of plasma protiens through the basement membrane?
strong negative charge
47
What surrounds the outer surface of the capillary basement membrane?
Epithelial cells (podocytes)
48
What separates the podocytes?
Slit pores
49
What prevents the filtration of plasma proteins through the slit pores?
negative charge | basically, the renal corpuscle is a big negative nancy
50
This is the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the glomerular membrane.
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
51
This is the product of the PERMABILITY and filtering surface area of the capillaries.
Filtration coefficient (Kf)
52
What is a normal Kf?
12.5 mL/min/mmHg
53
Kf and NFP are both factors to what greater entity?
GFR
54
So what's the eqn for GFR?
GFR = Kf x NFP
55
What is normal NFP?
+10 mmHg
56
Diabetes, renal disease, and HTN ↓ what value to ↓ GFR?
↓ Kf
57
Urinary tract obstruction ↑ what value to ↓ GFR?
↑ bowmans hydrostatic pressure (Pb)
58
↓ RBF and increased plasma proteins ↑ what value to ↓ GFR?
↑ glomarular colloid pressure
59
↓ arterioal pressure ↓ what value to ↓ PG?
↓ glomarular hydrostatic pressure
60
↓ angiotensin II ↓ what value to ↓ PG?
↓ EFFERENT arteriolar resistance (less vasoconstriction)
61
↑ SANS activity and vasoconstrictor hormones ↑ what value to ↓ PG?
↑ AFFERENT arteriolar resistance
62
So in essence, if we ↑ EFFERENT arteriolar RESISTANCE, will we ↑ or ↓ GFR?
↑ GFR
63
And if we ↑ AFFERENT arteriolar RESISTANCE, will we ↑ or ↓ GFR?
↓ GFR
64
So what happens if we dilate afferent arterioles, will we ↑ or ↓ GFR?
↑ GFR
65
If we ↑ the efferent arteriolar resistance, will RBF ↑ or ↓?
RBF ↓
66
And if we ↑ the afferent arteriolar resistance, will RBF ↑ or ↓?
RBF ↓
67
What is the equation to determine RBF?
RBF = [(Renal a. Pressure) - (Renal v. Pressure)]/Resistance
68
This is the process of how the kidneys maintain effective mechanisms of constant RBF and GFR over a wide range of arterial pressure.
Autoregulation
69
True or False: blood flow to the vasa recta is higher than the flow to the renal cortex.
FALSE. it's very low
70
This is the mechanism to stabilize NaCl delivery to the distal tubule by a link between the macula densa and the renal arteriolar resistance.
Tubuloglomerular feedback
71
The tubuloglomarular feedback depends on a special anatomical arrangement of the macular densa next to what other structure?
Juxtaglomerular complex
72
Which cells (macula densa or juxtaglomerular) sense changes in [NaCl] for the tubuloglomerular feedback?
Macula densa
73
What change in GFR would cause a ↓ [NaCl] at the macula densa?
↓ GFR --> ↑ reabsorption of NaCl along ascending LH --> ↓ [NaCl] at macula densa
74
What are the 2 effects of the macula densa in response to ↓ [NaCl]?
1. ↓ resistance of afferent arterioles | 2. ↑ renin release from juxtaglomerular cells
75
So when the macula densa ↑ renin release, how does that ↑ GFR?
by activating the RAAS system to constrict efferent arterioles --> ↑ GFR
76
And when the macular densa ↓ resistance of the afferent arteriole, how does that ↑ GFR?
vasodilation of afferent arteriole --> ↑ RBF --> ↑ GFR
77
This is the ability of individual blood vessels to resist stratching during increased arterial pressure, which maintains a constant RBF and GFR.
Myogenic feedback
78
Stretching of vascular walls allows increased movement of what ions from the ECF to the cells, causign them to contract?
Ca++
79
High protein intake (MUSCLE MILK U NOOB) and increased blood glucose (DIABETES WHERE U AT) do what do RBF and GFR?
↑ them both

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