Glossary 1

Question 1

zygote

Answer 1

fertilized egg

Question 2

Working memory

Answer 2

Newer understanding of short-term memory.

Adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 3

Shallow processing

Answer 3

Encoding based on the structure or appearence of words.

Question 4

Shaping

Answer 4

An operent conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behaviour.

Question 5

Short-term memory

Answer 5

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

7 +- 2

Stored or forgotten…

Question 6

sleep

Answer 6

a periodic, natural loss of consciuosness but different from coma, anesthesia and hibernation

Question 7

sleep apnea

Answer 7

Sleep disorder

• Temporary cessations (upphörande) of breathing during sleep
• Repeated momentary awakening

Question 8

Social clock

Answer 8

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement.

Question 9

Social psychology

Answer 9

The scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.

Question 10

Social-cognitive perspective

Answer 10

Views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Question 11

Somatic nervous system

Answer 11

The division of the peripheral nervous (perifera nervsystemet) system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

(skeletal nervous system)

Question 12

somatosensory cortex

Answer 12

an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

Question 13

Source amnesia

Answer 13

Also source misattribution

Faulty memory for how, when or where information was learned or imagined.

Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is the heart of many false memories.

Question 14

Spacing effect

Answer 14

Distributed study = better long-term retention

Opposite to massed study…

Question 15

Sontaneous recovery

Answer 15

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 16

Spotlight effect

Answer 16

We overestimate others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunder (as we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 17

SQ3R

Answer 17

Study method

Survey

Question

Read

Retrieve

Review

Question 18

Standard deviation

Answer 18

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean.

Question 19

Standardization

Answer 19

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Question 20

Statiscal significance

Answer 20

a statistcal statement of how likely it is that an obtained result ocurred by chance.

Question 21

stereotype

Answer 21

Generalized belief about a group.

Question 22

Stimulus

Answer 22

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 23

storage

Answer 23

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Question 24

stress

Answer 24

the process by which we percieve and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 25

Stranger anxiety

Answer 25

the **fear of strangers** that **infants** commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Question 26

Structuralism

Answer 26

**early school of thought** promoted of Wundt and Titchener, used **introspection** to reveal the _structure of the human mind_.

Question 27

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

the **division of the automatic nervous** system that **arouses** the body, mobilizing its energy.

Question 28

Synapse

Answer 28

**Gap between** the tip of the sending neuron (**axon**) and the **dendrite**, receiving neuron.

Question 29

Temporal lobes

Answer 29

portion of **cerebral cortex** above the ears - auditory areas

Question 30

Teratogens

Answer 30

"Monster makers" such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Question 31

Testing effect

Answer 31

Also **retrieval practice effect**/ test enhanced learning better than simply rereading information...

Question 32

Thalamus

Answer 32

the brain's **sensory control center**, located on top of the brainstem. It _directs messages_ to the sensory recieving areas in the cortex and _transmits replies_ to the cerebellum and medulla.

Question 33

theory

Answer 33

**an explanation** using an integrated _set of principles_ that _organizes observations_ and _predicts behaviours or events_