glossary

Question 1

achieved status

Answer 1

postion someone ahs worked for

Question 2

age identity

Answer 2

can can be identitfies chronilogically or by life stages. different ages have different roles/status

Question 3

alienation

Answer 3

where indivual or group feels sociallt isolated and estranged because they laxk the power to control their lives and realise their true potential. Marx described workers as aliented because they are exploited and lack control of the production proccess

Question 4

ascribed status

Answer 4

a position you are born into

Question 5

assimilation

Answer 5

an individual dropping their cultural identity to absorb the indentity of the dominant culture

Question 6

consensus thoery

Answer 6

see people as having shred interests and society functioning on the basis of there being broad consensus on its norms and values

Question 7

Contradictory class position

Answer 7

jobs in the middle class (not clearly bourgeoisie or proletariat) e.g. managers are exploited by the bourgeoisie for their work yet control the working class workers.

Question 8

Cultural diversity

Answer 8

variety of different cultures in one place who live separately.

Question 9

Cultural hybridity

Answer 9

mixing aspect of certain cultures.

Question 10

Cultural resistance

Answer 10

resisting mainstream/dominant culture.

Question 11

Culture

Answer 11

this refers to language, belief, values, norms, customs, roles, knowledge and skills which make up a way of life.

Question 12

Customs

Answer 12

traditional forms of behaviour associated with particular social occasions.

Question 13

De-differentiation

Answer 13

process by which differences between different stages of the life course become less clear

Question 14

De-instituionalisation

Answer 14

process by which institutions of society become less closely associated with maintaining different phases of life

Question 15

Disability

Answer 15

physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term effect on a person’s ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.

Question 16

Disengagement

Answer 16

leaving their roles in a particular area

Question 17

Ethnic Identity

Answer 17

Someone’s values/norms, usually based on the culture of the ethnic group they were born/raised into

Question 18

False Consciousness

Answer 18

a situation where subordinate groups in society are unable to see the reality of their exploited situation.

Question 19

Feminine Identity

Answer 19

Characteristics associated with being a woman which has an effect on female behaviour

Question 20

Formal Social Control

Answer 20

reinforcing mechanisms that are associated with the more formal agents of socialisation

Question 21

Gender Identity

Answer 21

each person’s internal and individual experience of gender. It is a person’s sense of being a feminine or masculine

Question 22

Global culture

Answer 22

the culture that can be found around the world

Question 23

Hegemony

Answer 23

the spread of “dominant” ideas that ensure the proletariat consent to their own exploitation.

Question 24

High culture

Answer 24

Culture of the upper class - associated with high status as you need economic, social & cultural capital to access it.

Question 25

Horizontal Segregation

Answer 25

where men and women occupy different jobs at the same occupational level

Question 26

Identity

Answer 26

how we see ourselves and how others see us

Question 27

Informal social control

Answer 27

reinforcing mechanisms that are associated with the more informal agents of socialisation

Question 28

Infrastructure

Answer 28

the economic system: made up of the means of production & relations of production.

Question 29

Instrumental attitudes

Answer 29

work is a means to an end, a way of gaining money.

Question 30

Masculine Identity

Answer 30

characteristics associated with being a man which has an effect on masculine behaviour

Question 31

Means of production

Answer 31

land, buildings, raw materials, machinery & other necessities used to produce goods & services required by members of society.

Question 32

Medical model of disability

Answer 32

sees disability as a medical problem, focusing on limitations caused by the impairment

Question 33

Meritocracy

Answer 33

equal opportunity leading to those who work the hardest/having the most skills/qualifications getting the most rewards.

Question 34

Middle Age Identity

Answer 34

a distinct period from young adulthood to old age, generally linked to those in their forties and fifties

Question 35

Multiculturalism

Answer 35

refers to the idea that UK society is now made up of a variety of different ethnic groups and cultures who all mix together

Question 36

National Identity

Answer 36

refers to a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole which is represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language

Question 37

Nature

Answer 37

refers to the idea that social behaviour is biological or innate

Question 38

Norms

Answer 38

unwritten rules which guide our behaviour in society

Question 39

Nurture

Answer 39

refers to the idea that social behaviour is learnt through the socialisation process

Question 40

Old Age Identity

Answer 40

social category which brings new roles assumptions and limitations ie passed legal age for employment and is linked to retirement age of 65 years

Question 41

Patriarchy

Answer 41

system in which men are constructed as superior to women and have authority over them

Question 42

Popular Culture

Answer 42

culture enjoyed by the masses through the media

Question 43

Primary Socialisation

Answer 43

the first stage in a lifelong process of learning. It is where the family teaches individuals the behaviours, rules, regulations and things that are important and hold value to the people in our society

Question 44

Reserve army of labour

Answer 44

a pool of unemployed people that can be hired in economic booms and fired in economic slumps

Question 45

Roles

Answer 45

a part you play in society

Question 46

Ruling class ideology

Answer 46

set of ideas that are used to justify ruling class interests. It is widely shared in society and related to Gramsci’s idea of hegemony.

Question 47

Secondary Socialisation

Answer 47

way behaviour is learnt through agents other than the family, such as the media, education, peer groups, work and religion

Question 48

Sexuality

Answer 48

an individual's preference in sexual partners

Question 49

Social class identity

Answer 49

Social class is a system of stratification which places people in different positions in society. In the UK we categorise social class identity by peoples occupations which are broken down into working, middle and upper class identity

Question 50

Social control

Answer 50

method or process in which society can make individuals adhere to social norms

Question 51

Social model of disability

Answer 51

focuses on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that deny access

Question 52

Socialisation

Answer 52

process of learning norms and values in society

Question 53

Status

Answer 53

refers to someone’s position in the hierarchy of society

Question 54

Structural theory

Answer 54

see individuals as entirely shaped by the way society is organised or structured.

Question 55

Subculture

Answer 55

a smaller group of people who share distinctive norms and values within a wider culture

Question 56

Superstructure

Answer 56

made up of social institutions - e.g. family, education, media etc

Question 57

Value consensus

Answer 57

agreement among socitey’s members about what values are important; a shared culture.

Question 58

Values

Answer 58

beliefs and ideas that society sees as important and that are accepted by the majority of society

Question 59

Vertical Segregation

Answer 59

where men are at the top of the occupational hierarchy and women at the bottom

Question 60

Youth identity

Answer 60

associated with people from age 12 to 25 years old this group shares a transitional stage of their life