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Biology 3051 & 3052 SPECIATION > Glossary 3052 > Flashcards

Glossary 3052 Flashcards

1
Q

Acclimitisation

A

A gradual, reversible response of an organism to changes in its environment.

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

An inherited trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism. Adaptations are maintained and evolve by means of natural selection.

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3
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of all copies of a gene being of a particular type/version.

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4
Q

Alleles

A

Version of a gene.

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5
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while living in different geographic regions.

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6
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Cells with two or more complete sets of chromosmes derived from different species.

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7
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Cells with two or more complete sets of chromosmes derived from the same species.

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8
Q

Bottleneck

A

The result of a sudden event when a significant proportion of individuals in a population/species are killed or not reproducing.

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9
Q

Cline

A

A gradual change in a characteristic or feature across the geographic range of a species or population.

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10
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

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11
Q

Deme

A

A local population that can interbreed with another population and therefore they share the same gene pool.

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12
Q

Diploid

A

Cells with two copies of each chromosome.

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13
Q

Directional selection

A

Type of natural selection where one of the two extremes of a trait is selected for/favoured.

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14
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Type of natural selection where the two extremes of a trait are favoured.

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15
Q

Emigration

A

When individuals leave a population.

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16
Q

Endemic

A

Organisms that settled and evolved in a particular habitat and are found nowhere else in the world.

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17
Q

Founder effect

A

When a new population is established by a very small number of individuals who will carry with them only a small proportion of all the alleles present in the population. The founder effect contributes, therefore, to the loss of genetic variation that follows colonisation.

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18
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction.

19
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another.

20
Q

Gene pool

A

All the alleles of a gene present in a population.

21
Q

Genetic drift

A

The change in the frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling.

22
Q

Heterozygote

A

When the two versions/alleles of a gene are different.

23
Q

Homozygote

A

When the two versions/alleles of a gene are the same.

24
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring from a cross between two different species.

25
Q

Immigration

A

When new individuals enter a population.

26
Q

Microsatellite

A

Simple, short repeating sequences of up to about six DNA base pairs.

27
Q

Mutation

A

Unrepaired change to the sequence of bases in the DNA.

28
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals with certain traits have a greater chance at surviving and producing offspring, than individuals without these traits.

29
Q

Non-disjunction

A

An error in cell division in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes, or sister chromatids, fail to separate.

30
Q

Polymorphism

A

When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population/species.

31
Q

Polyploidy

A

Cells with more than two copies of each chromosome.

32
Q

Pre- and post- zygotic barriers

A

Pre-zygotic barriers prevent fertilisation and post-zygotic barriers prevent the development of the zygote (fertilised egg cell).

33
Q

Recombinant

A

An organism that contains a different combination of alleles from either of its parents.

34
Q

Ring species

A

A connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed with closely sited populations, but no interbreeding occurs anymore between individuals from the two ‘ends of the ring’.

35
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new species.

36
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring.

37
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Type of natural selection where the two extremes of a trait are selected against.

38
Q

Subspecies

A

A group of organisms which, often due to geographic isolation, cannot interbreed with other members of the species.

39
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while living in the same geographic region.

40
Q

Tetraploid

A

Cells with four copies of each chromosome.

41
Q

Triploid

A

Cells with three copies of each chromosome.

42
Q

Population

A

Inidividuals of the same species living in a particular area and sharing the same gene pool

43
Q

Independent assortment

A

Purely random which chromosomes end up in a gamete

Biology 3051 & 3052 SPECIATION (5 decks)

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