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Animal diversity > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Characters that join species together in a clade

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2
Q

Clade

A

Group that includes ALL descendents of a common ancestor

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3
Q

Homologous

A

shared ancestry between a pair of structures

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4
Q

Analagous

A

organs have similar function that were not present in the last common ancestor but rather evolved separately

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5
Q

Phylogeny

A

each taxon must have common descent, thus based on similarities and differences in physical or genetic characteristics

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6
Q

Protists

A

is a general term that acknowledges the futility of placing unicellular eukaryotes in the plant or animal kingdoms

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7
Q

Diploblastic

A

having two embryonic cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm but no mesoderm

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8
Q

Triploblastic

A

having 3 embryonic cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm and mesoderm, which originates from the endoderm

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9
Q

Monophyletic

A

in a clade, all the animals consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants
monoecious

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10
Q

Metamerism

A

Condition of being composed of serially repeated parts (metameres/segments)

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11
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

Body-cavity fluids confined by the body wall give support but, at the same time, the body remains flexible. Body-wall muscles act on incompressible fluid and facilitate movement.

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12
Q

Parapodia

A

each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration

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13
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrate

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14
Q

Ostracoderms

A

heavily armoured, jawless fish

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15
Q

Cephalisation

A

concentration of sense organs into a head

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16
Q

Animal definition

A

heterotrophic multicellular eukaryote without cell walls often with specific tissues, sexual reproduction and usually developing via cleavage, blastula and gastrulation, leading either directly to an adult or indirectly through metamorphosis

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17
Q

Polymorphic

A

structure and function of two different types of individuals within the same organism

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18
Q

Gastrulation

A

is the phase in embryotic development where the single layer blastula turns into 3 layers, with a ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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19
Q

Sessile

A

fixed in one place

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20
Q

Osculum

A

= is where the water is pushed out in porifera

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21
Q

Ostium

A

water comes in

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22
Q

Spicule

A

form the skeleton for the sponge

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23
Q

Spongocoel

A

water enters here though the pores and then exits through the osculum

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24
Q

Choanocyte

A

pushed the water out with its flagella

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25
Asconoid
vase/pipe-shaped
26
Syconoid
vase with folded walls
27
Leuconoid
many chambers (majority of sponges)
28
Zooxanthellae
lives in a symbiotic relationship with cnidarians providing much of the photosynthesis outputs to the organism
29
Nematocysts
pressurised chambers ready to fire a harpoon-like poisonous thread with cnidarian
30
protonephridia
ciliated tubules removing waste from Platyhelminths
31
Hemocoel
primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid
32
Acoelomate
don’t have a Coelom
33
Pseudocoelomate
don’t have a Coelom, looks like they do but they dont
34
Coelomate
animal that has a coelom
35
Coelom
a body cavity that is positioned to surround and contain digestive tract and other organs
36
Spiral Cleavage
arrangement of the blastomeres on an upper tier and lower tier
37
Dioecious
having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals
38
Monoecious
having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individuals
39
Lophophore
a feeding structure which is a crest of ciliated tentacles
40
Trochophore
a small sphere looking type of larva
41
Veliger
a planktonic larva for bivalve mollusca and sea snails and fresh water snails
42
Metanephrida
an excretory gland found in annelids, mollusca and arthopods
43
Protosome
Blastopore becomes mouth, Cleavage patterns: Eight-cell phase is determinable, Top half of cells will turn into top half of animal, Bottom half of animal will turn into bottom half of animal
44
Deutersome
Blastopore becomes anus, Cleavage patterns: Eight cell stage is undetermined: Meaning that the fate of the cells have not been determined thus why we can have twins
45
Zooids
an animal arising from another by budding or division, especially each of the individuals which make up a colonial organism and typically have different forms and functions
46
Visceral mass
occurs in molluscs and is another word for coelom, as Visceral mass consists of the area where the digestive, excretory, reproductive and respiration systems are
47
Ctenidia
gills for molluscs
48
Neodermata
parasitic lifestyle for platyhelths
49
Ectocochleate
shell outside of body
50
Endocochleate
shell inside of body
51
Prostomium
Contains sense organs in annelids
52
Segmented trunk
Serially repetitive, First segment is peristomium
53
Pygidium
Segment with anus
54
Setae (Chaetae)
small chitinous bristles which project from the body of annelids, may sometimes be on the end of parapodia
55
Nephrostome
Tube runs length of blood vessels, allows exchange of nutrients/waste with blood, Final waste excreted through nephridiopore or nephrostome
56
Ecdysis
process of moulting
57
Hemolypth
Arthropoda blood
58
Biramous
appendages with 2 branches and associated with Crustaceans and trilobites
59
Uniramous
= appendages with 1 branch, associated with Hexapods, Chelicerates and Myriapods
60
Chelicerae
the first pair of appendages in the front of the mouth acting like claws
61
Pedipalp
the second pair of appendages on a Chelicerates
62
Cephalothorax
head and thorax combined
63
Prosoma
a cephalothorax on a chelicerate
64
Opisthosoma
abdomen of a chelicerate
65
Chela
a pincer-like-claw on an arachnid or crustacean
66
Antennule
small feeler
67
Antenna
long feeler
68
Rostrum
a beak-like projection, a prolongation of the head
69
Telson
the last segment in the abdomen or a terminal appendage to it
70
Uropod
= the sixth and last pair of abdominal appendages, forming part of the tail fan
71
Pereopods
5 sets of swimming limbs attached to the Cephalothorax
72
Pleopods
5 sets of swimming limbs attached to the abdomen
73
Carapace
= the covering of the thoracic and abdominal somites
74
Hemimetabolous
having no pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult
75
Holometabolous
having a pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult
76
Cryptobiosis
formation of a slow metabolic, dessicated, resting stage, called a “tun”
77
Asexual budding
new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site
78
Ampulla
controls the ability for the extension and retraction of the tube feet by water pressure
79
Ossicle
small calcareous elements which makes up the support structure of a sea star
80
Aristotle’s lantern
= feeding structure for the class Echinoidea (Sea urchins)
81
Polyphyodonty
an animal whose teeth are continually replaced
82
Altricial young
young which are not able to move around on their own
83
Precocial young
young are able to move around on their own
84
Synapsid Skull
Has a lateral temporal opening (as well as an orbit)
85
Anapsid Skull
Has a large orbit, with no lateral or dorsal temporal openings
86
Diapsid Skull
Has a lateral and dorsal temporal opening (as well as an orbit)
87
Agnatha
Jawless Fish
88
Metazoa
Another word for the Animal kingdom as they are Eukaryotic and multicellular
89
Schizocoelous
Mersodermal cells fill the blastocoel, forming a solid band of tissue around the gut cavity, then through programed cell death, space opens inside the mesodermal band (protosome)
90
Enterocoelous
cells from the central portion of the gut lining begin to grow outwards as pouches, forming the mesoderm (deutersome)
91
water Vascular system
hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
92
What are the 5 main features of Chordata?
1. Notochord 2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord 3. Pharynchial 4. Endostyle (thyroid gland) 5. Postanal tail
93
List the 7 reasons of why Arthopoda have been successful?
1. Cutucle (exoskeleton) 2. segmentation and tagmata 3. jointed appendages 4. Air piped directly to cells 5. Cephalisation & highly developed sensory system 6. Complex behaviour patterns 7. Reduced competition through metamorphosis
94
Labrum
flap like structure infront of an hexapoda mouth
95
Mandible
the teeth of the insect (help chew the food)
96
Maxillary palp
helps place the food into the mandible
97
Labial palp
helps place the food into the mandible (connected to the labrum, plus are the shortest of the arms)

Animal diversity (2 decks)

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